HOW DO PARTICIPANTS IN AN EVANGELISM TRAINING PROGRAM ASSESS ITS IMPACT ON THEIR ABILITY AND CONFIDENCE IN SHARING THEIR PERSONAL FAITH? By Albert Tak Yin Kwan A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MINISTRY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES DOCTOR OF MINISTRY We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard Daryl Busby ............................................................................... PhD; Thesis Supervisor Curtis Congo ................................................................................ Ed. D.; Second Reader Brian Cooper ................................................................................ Ph.D.; External Examiner TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY June 2016 Albert Tak Yin Kwan I declare that this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content work which has not previously been submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. ABSTRACT This research project probed the question, “How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability, confidence and enthusiasm in sharing their faith to non-believers?” Current research suggests that although “evangelicals” firmly believe in the exclusivism of the Gospel message, few actually tell others about this message (a practice called “witnessing to others”). However, current research also suggests that when evangelicals are trained and encouraged to tell others, their confidence and skill level in witnessing is increased. The project reviews both historical and current theological understandings of the term “evangelism”. The project also probes some of the ethical issues related to the motives and reasons for witnessing to others. The project then culminates by presenting the findings of a phenomenological study of thirty people from selected Chinese churches in Calgary who participated in a training program designed to enhance their confidence and skill in witnessing to others. ACKNOWLEDGMENT “Day to day pours forth speech, And night to night reveals knowledge.” (Psalms 19:2) I would like to thank my Doctor of Ministry Program Director, and project advisor, Dr. Daryl Busby for his valuable advice, his directive teaching and thoughtful and careful assistance that he provided during the entire course of this project. I express my appreciation to Dr. Curtis Congo, my second reader, for his time devoted in reviewing my dissertation and his constructive inputs to all the areas I have overlooked. His valuable advice to make my dissertation complete is much appreciated. I want to give big thanks to my family:- my wife Grace for her patience, support and encouragement to allow me the time and space to finish the whole dissertation and my son Jonathan for his time to edit the grammar of my whole dissertation. I would also like thank the entire Doctor of Ministry Committee, for their guidance and the work they have done in bringing me through this whole dissertation process. Above all, I am very grateful and thank God for giving me the gift and the learning ability in the field of evangelism. Thank God for providing educational opportunities to me from time to time in my life and this dissertation was finished by God’s grace, wisdom, power and providence. To God be Glory. Table of Contents Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………i Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….ii Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... i Chapter One: Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1 Defining the Problem and Research Question ...................................................................................... 1 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................................ 11 Rationale and Purpose of this Ministry Project................................................................................... 12 Method of this Ministry Project ......................................................................................................... 13 Limitations and Delimitations of this Ministry Project ........................................................................ 14 Chapter Two: Review of Literature and Theoretical Foundations ........................................................... 16 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 16 Evangelicals defined in this project .................................................................................................... 16 The Definitions of Evangelism. ........................................................................................................... 19 1. Evangelism is defined as Actions. ........................................................................................... 20 2. Define Evangelism according to the content. .......................................................................... 22 3. Define Evangelism through social concern aspect. .................................................................. 25 4. Based on the attitude and motivation to define Evangelism. .................................................. 28 5. The role of the Holy Spirit in the definition of Evangelism. ...................................................... 30 Evangelism is a Life-time process. ...................................................................................................... 33 1. Life- time practicing evangelism – Witnessing. ....................................................................... 35 2. Witnessing by love and Holy Spirit. ........................................................................................ 37 Evangelism and Spiritual Formation. .................................................................................................. 39 1. Evangelism should be highlighted as one of the disciplines in spiritual formation. .................. 40 2. Evangelism should be set as the starting point of spiritual formation. .................................... 41 The Ethics and Culture of this Evangelism Training. ............................................................................ 43 1. The ethics of this Evangelism Training. ................................................................................... 43 2. The ethnic background of this Evangelism Training................................................................. 47 The Methodology and Participants’ Learning of this Evangelism Training. .......................................... 50 1. The Methodology of this Evangelism Training......................................................................... 51 i 2. Participants’ Learning. ............................................................................................................ 52 Chapter Conclusion............................................................................................................................ 56 Chapter Three: Biblical and Theological Foundation............................................................................... 60 Introduction: ..................................................................................................................................... 60 Biblical Evangelism ............................................................................................................................ 60 The Urgency of Evangelism ................................................................................................................ 64 1. John 4:31-38. Time for “ripe for harvest” overrides “time for food”.......................................... 64 2. John 9:1-5. Time to Work the Works of the Sending God is “Now”. .......................................... 66 3. John 11:8—10 Conscious the Time to do God’s work rather than worrying about the lifethreatening challenges................................................................................................................... 68 4. Summary of these three Biblical passages according to John. ................................................... 69 The Five Commissioning Texts of Evangelism from Jesus’ Charges ..................................................... 70 1. Matthew 28:18-20 Christ as the King commanded disciples: Action – “To go…”..................... 72 2. Mark 16:14-20 Humanity Life Ultimate Destination – saved or condemned. .......................... 75 3. Luke 24: 44-49 The core gospel content – to repent and to be forgiven. ................................ 80 4. John 20: 19-23 Disciples are the “photo-copy” of Jesus’ mission work – God sent Jesus into the world, disciples were sent by Jesus into the world. ........................................................................ 86 5. Acts 1:8 Power to Witness, regardless of where you are. ....................................................... 87 Jesus’ Strategy in His Evangelism planning through the narrative of Mark 5 and John 4. .................... 87 1. Concerning about places. ....................................................................................................... 88 2. Concerning about people. ...................................................................................................... 88 Chapter Conclusion: .......................................................................................................................... 91 Chapter Four: Procedures and Research Design ..................................................................................... 93 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 93 Subjects Identified ............................................................................................................................. 93 Design and Procedure of this Research: ............................................................................................. 95 1. Procedures of this Evangelism Training: ................................................................................. 96 2. The Rationale & Content of this Evangelism Training Class. .................................................... 96 Limitations and Delimitations. ......................................................................................................... 104 Presenting the findings: ................................................................................................................... 106 Before Evangelism Training: ......................................................................................................... 107 ii After Evangelism Training: ........................................................................................................... 110 Concluding Remarks. ....................................................................................................................... 118 Chapter Five: Implications of the Findings ........................................................................................... 119 Introduction: ................................................................................................................................... 119 Implication from this Research Project ............................................................................................ 121 1. Evangelism training effectively encourages evangelicals to become involved in sharing their faith with others; and thus fulfills God’s commission. .................................................................. 122 2. Evangelism training helped to enhance participants’ confidence level in evangelism. ........... 122 3. Evangelism training helped to remove misunderstanding of evangelism. ............................. 123 4. Evangelism training may help to broaden evangelicals’ mission mind. .................................. 124 5. To arrange a practicum within evangelism training is important. .......................................... 124 6. Sharing the Gospel as a team is a supportive and encouraging method. ............................... 125 7. Evangelism training provides a platform to gather the like-minded evangelicals to practice personal evangelism together. ..................................................................................................... 127 8. Evangelicals with dedicated commitment in evangelism changed the mind-set of some participants and thus help them to become a doer in evangelism. ............................................... 127 9. Participants’ passion for evangelism is independent of evangelism training.......................... 128 10. Evangelicals should receive evangelism training before they share their faith....................... 129 Relationship of the Findings to Scripture and Theological Teachings ................................................ 129 1. Confidence seemed to increase as people had an opportunity to share their own personal story. ........................................................................................................................................... 129 2. Their witness aroused non-believers’ interest in spirituality. ................................................ 130 3. Evangelicals share the gospel; but it is the Holy Spirit’s work to move people to Christ. ....... 130 Applications of the Research............................................................................................................ 132 Recommendations for Further Study ............................................................................................... 133 1. What are the unique roles of the gifted evangelist in a church? ............................................. 133 2. What role or influence does personality have in the work of witnessing? .............................. 134 3. What is the relationship between confidence in evangelism and willingness to participate in overseas mission? ........................................................................................................................ 135 4. How effective would it be if witnessing is included into the mainly social concern programs? 135 5. Would an organized mission program afterwards help evangelicals continue to do evangelism? .................................................................................................................................................... 136 iii 6. Would the response of gospel takers help to improve the future evangelism strategy planning? .................................................................................................................................................... 137 Conclusion: ...................................................................................................................................... 137 Appendix A .......................................................................................................................................... 140 Participants Consent Form ............................................................................................................... 140 Appendix B .......................................................................................................................................... 142 Evangelism Survey ........................................................................................................................... 142 Appendix C .......................................................................................................................................... 156 Letter to Pastors & Church Leaders .................................................................................................. 156 Appendix D.......................................................................................................................................... 157 Oral script ........................................................................................................................................ 157 Appendix E .......................................................................................................................................... 158 Poster of the training ....................................................................................................................... 158 Appendix F .......................................................................................................................................... 159 Application Slip................................................................................................................................ 159 Appendix G.......................................................................................................................................... 160 Time Table of Evangelism Training ................................................................................................... 160 Appendix H.......................................................................................................................................... 162 Briefing Oral Script........................................................................................................................... 162 Appendix I ........................................................................................................................................... 163 Samples of Gospel Tracts, CDs & Pictorial Gospel Booklet ................................................................ 163 Appendix J ........................................................................................................................................... 167 Religious Survey .............................................................................................................................. 167 Appendix K .......................................................................................................................................... 172 Home Visitation Follow-Up Form ..................................................................................................... 172 Appendix L .......................................................................................................................................... 174 Debriefing Oral Script ...................................................................................................................... 174 Appendix M ......................................................................................................................................... 175 Translator Confidentially Agreement ............................................................................................... 175 Appendix N.......................................................................................................................................... 176 Variation in Percentage of Asked Questions. ................................................................................... 176 iv Bibliography ........................................................................................................................................ 178 v Chapter One: Introduction Defining the Problem and Research Question This dissertation probes the question, “How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability to and confidence in sharing their faith to nonbelievers?” This researcher serves at a Christian & Missionary Alliance (C&MA) church in which evangelism has become her great tradition and legacy. The Alliance core value, the “Fourfold Gospel” (Christ the Savior, the Sanctifier, the Healer, and the Coming King 1 ) emphasizes two things: Deeper Life and Mission. Hence, members of the Alliance Church family have been taught that the second coming of Jesus Christ returns very soon, they need to pursue Deeper Life as spiritual formation including actively participating in evangelism and mission. This researcher is convinced that the more church members become involved in evangelism, the more they have passion for the people they meet. “…the love of Christ controls and urges and impels us…”2, and “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me”3, This researcher assumes that increased activity in evangelism in daily lives of congregants will lead to greater ability, better confidence, and a desire to talk with other people about Jesus Christ. Evangelicals believe that Jesus Christ commanded them to share their faith. Taking Mark’s account, “Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature” 4 , hence 1 Westside Calgary Chinese Alliance Church published The Basic Introduction to Chinese C & MA Church History and Belief. ,. 9 (Internal use booklet) and also please refer to AB Simpson’s book The Fourfold Gospel. Christian Publ., 1984. 2 2 Corinthians 5:14 The Amplified Bible 3 Philippians 4:13 NKJV 4 Mark 16:15 NKJV 1 evangelism can be viewed as simple as “promulgating the good news.”5 After the resurrection of Jesus Christ, Matthew recorded His “Great Commandment” to all His followers, “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age. Amen”6 This writer agrees, “Surely all would agree that Jesus’ statement in Matthew 28:19-20 is foundational to the very life and ministry of the church, and these words are clearly the words of evangelism.”7 Luke recorded that “For the Son of Man has come to seek and to save that which was lost”8 and “… receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.” 9 M. Erickson remarked, “This was the final point Jesus made to His disciples. It appears that he regarded evangelism as the very reason for their being. The call to evangelize is a command.” 10 And, “Evangelism is the spirit-led communication of the gospel of the kingdom in such a way or ways that recipients have a valid opportunity to accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Savior and become responsible members of His church. Luke 8:2-56 shows how Jesus brought the good news.”11 5 Yeung, Arnold, Editor, New Dictionary of Theology, Chinese Edition. Taiwan: ROC. Campus Evangelical Fellowship Published 1997., 371. (Note: The language of this book is Chinese, my translation to English.) 6 Matthew 28:18-19 NKJV Drummond, Lewis, A. Reaching Generation Next, Effective Evangelism in Today’s Culture. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2002., 34. 7 8 Luke 19:10 NKJV 9 Acts 1:8 NKJV 10 11 Erickson, Millard. Christian theology 2nd edition Grand Rapids, Baker 1998., 1052 Butler, Trent C., Editor. Holman Concise Bible Dictionary. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 1997., 216. 2 Even though the above passages appear to be Jesus Christ giving commands to Apostles – direct followers to Him in His time- to carry out evangelism; evangelicals are also considered as followers of Jesus Christ. Regardless of His time or the present time, evangelicals are called to obey Christ’s command and participate in evangelism. And in so doing, evangelicals may live lives closer to the heart of God. Even though many evangelicals acknowledge this teaching, it can be argued that not many evangelicals involved in evangelism. A statistic from Acts Evangelism reflects this situation, “89% of the leadership ministries have zero time reserved on their list of weekly priorities for going out to evangelize.”12 Another statistic from Net Bible mentioned, “Less than two percent are involved in the ministry of evangelism.”13 J A Johnson shared the similar statistic result, “A recent informal poll found only 8 to 10 percent of Christian’s regular share Christ with others. When asked, ‘Why don’t Christians share Christ?’ several responses were given: * 33.5 percent are afraid of being rejected, embarrassed. * 21.7 percent are afraid of not having answers. * 19.2 percent rarely think about the need. Michael Parrott. “Street Level Evangelism, Where is the Space for the Local Evangelist,” Acts Evangelism, Spokane, WA, 1993, pp. 9-11. Accessed August 15, 2011, http://bible.org/illustration/evangelism-statistics That was the statistical result from “One particular denomination did a survey on its leadership ministries.” Other statistic data includes: *99% of the leadership ministries believe that every Christian, including leadership, has been commanded to preach the gospel to a lost world. *97% believe that if the leadership had a greater conviction and involvement in evangelism, that it would be an example for the church to follow. *96% of the leadership believes their churches would have grown faster if they would have been more involved in evangelism. 12 13 Net Bible. accessed January 13, 2011. http://net.bible.org/illustration.php?id=2107 It also mentioned “Ninety-five percent of all Christians have never won a soul to Christ. Eighty percent of all Christians do not consistently witness for Christ”. Similar comment was drawn: “It seems that evangelism has become a lost art in the Christian church. Statistics say that only 2% of Christians regularly share their faith with others.” Accessed August 15, 2011, http://www.squidoo.com/evangelize. 3 * 17.3 percent don’t know what to say. * 8.3 percent haven’t found a way to share that fits a personal style (In other words, it’s not comfortable or natural.)6”14 (His footnote 6: Your Church on Mission with God. Newsletter. June 2007. Alpharetta, GA: North American Mission Board, SBC). Another similar statistic from LifeWay Research: “While unchurched people are open to relationships, few church members are intentionally investing time developing relationships with non-Christians. A soon-to-be published 2007 survey of more than 2,500 adult church members found only 25 percent agreed they "spend time building friendships with non-Christians for the purpose of sharing Christ with them." A full 38 percent actually disagreed with the statement and 36 percent were noncommittal about it.”15 Various writers have offered explanations for this apparent reluctance to share the gospel. Alvin Reid wrote “Many don’t witness because of their sense of inadequacy.” 16 Earley and Wheeler added, “The thought of talking to anyone about Jesus made me break out in a sweat and get all queasy inside. I am an introvert, and talking to people about anything, let alone something controversial like Jesus, was light-years beyond my comfort zone.”17 It may be argued that some evangelicals would think it is difficult to share gospel to other people because they live in the so called “Post-modern era”, an era with an inherent pluralistic worldview and rather anti-Christian faith (“A normative view of truth and a Christian worldview are rejected or devalued, seemingly lost in our contemporary culture.” 18). 14 Johnson, Jeffrey A. Got Style? Personality-based Evangelism. Valley Forge, PA.: Judson Press. 2009., 6 Ed Stetzer. “Evangelism Research”, accessed May 21, 2013. http://www.edstetzer.com/2008/04/new_evangelism_research.html 15 16 Reid, Alvin. Introduction to Evangelism. Nashville, Tennessee, Broadman & Holman Publ., 1998., 18 Earley, Dave & Wheeler David. Evangelism Is… How to share Jesus with passion and confidence. Nashville, Tenn.:B & H Academic Publ. 2010, 3. 17 18 Dockery, David S. Editor, The Challenge of Postmodernism. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2001., 11. 4 Thom Rainer observed, “It is the best of times for evangelism in America, and it is the worse of times.”19 What he meant was according to his research, four out of ten non-Christians would welcome a conversation about Jesus so “It is the best of times because there is a high receptivity to the gospel.”20 and also the worse time because “The American church is in serious decline. The passion for evangelism is less evident each year.”21 In addition to above mentioned reasons, it may be that evangelicals have fear of being labeled as the gospel “hard-selling persons” if they actively participate in evangelism. R. Turnbull gave strong words towards this area; he commented “The word ‘evangelism’ has been spoiled for many church people. They associate it with the shouting zealot who demands, ‘Brother are you saved?’” 22 The comment by the contemporary, N. T. Wright is also worth noting: “The word evangelism still sends shivers down the spines of many people. There are various reasons for this. Some people have been scared off by frightening or bullying harangues or tactless and offensive behavior or embarrassing and naïve presentations of the gospel. Others have never suffered such indignities but heard or read about them and are glad to have a good excuse to pour scorn on all evangelism – as though, because some people do it badly, nobody should ever do it at all.”23 19 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009. , vii. Thom S. Rainer, Presider and CEO LifeWay Christian Resources wrote the Foreword in R. Alvin’s book, Evangelism Handbook. 20 Ibid. vii. 21 Ibid. vii. Turnbull, Ralph G., Editor, Baker’s Handbook of Practical Theology. Grand Rapids, MI., Baker Book House. 1967., 171. 22 23 Wright, N.T. Surprised by Hope: Rethinking Heaven, the Resurrection, and the Mission of the Church. San Francisco: HarperOne, 2008., 225. 5 The above observations are also valid and applicable to the Chinese faith community. This is a kind of collective experience to most evangelicals by which they justify themselves to avoid evangelism. Other evangelicals may try to use theological approaches like predestination to excuse themselves from evangelism. However, Erickson did not concur, he remarked, “Predestination does not nullify the incentive for evangelism and mission. We do not know who the elect and the non-elect are, so we must continue to spread the Word. Our evangelistic efforts are God’s means to bring the elect to salvation.”24 This researcher has also heard personally from congregants, “We are shy and inward, handle public relation is just not my type.”; “We are just not the kind of people whom can engage others in good conversation about almost any topics.”; “We need some more time to get prepared ourselves, and there will be the day that we can be ready to do evangelism.” and etc. Alvin Reid had experienced these apparent sound reasons but he suggested, “The reason many believers today do not attempt to share their faith is because they have gotten over their salvation!”25 Evangelicals need to be reminded their responsibility in sharing the gospel is “pass it on” because, “The gospel is not good advice on how to reach up to God; rather, it is a declaration about what God has already done to reach down to us. It is good news about a historical event that changes everything!” 26 24 Erickson, Millard. Christian theology 2nd edition Grand Rapids, Baker 1998., 927. 25 Reid, Alvin. Introduction to Evangelism. Nashville, Tennessee, Broadman & Holman Publ., 1998., 11. 26 Patrick, Darrin. Church Planter, The Man, The Message, The Mission. Wheaton, IL.: Crossway, 2010., 111. 6 Scot McKnight had a similar observation, saying: “‘I know of no text that says someone evangelized without saying a word.’ and ‘[without] that proclamation, there is no gospeling or Gospel.’"27 However, there are evangelicals who occasionally invite their non-believing friends to church on Sundays and/or to their cell groups/fellowship meetings. When the church hosts a special evangelistic event, they zealously extend the invitation to their non-believer friends to join. It seems that directly sharing their faith with others may not be their preference, but they know they have the responsibilities to lead friends to Christ. It somehow matches with the survey done by Barna, “Adopting a personal responsibility for evangelism has increased slightly among Protestants, from 33% to 38% over the past 20 years.”28 It is reasonable to suggest that some evangelicals have the heart and burden to share their faith to others, but they may be lack of training on how to lead nonbelievers into spiritual conversation. Their compassion for nonbelievers needs to be restored. (Luke 15; 2 Peter 3:9) Based on this researcher's thirty-year ministry experience within the Chinese Christian community both in Hong Kong and Canada, reaching out to people seems more a slogan rather than action, and may be limited to certain gifted Christian evangelists to carry out this missional task from God. In order to resolve this dilemma, this researcher hypothesizes if evangelicals are encouraged to receive proper evangelism training, then participants will be willingly participating in evangelism and their participation in evangelism training will result in the Scot McKnight. “Is it still Evangelism if there are No Words?”.last modified November 18, 2012, accessed November 18, 2012, http://www.outreachmagazine.com/features/5052-is-it-still-evangelism-ifthere-are-no-words 27 Barna Group. “Barna Study of Religious Change Since 1991 Shows Significant Changes by Faith” last modified August 4, 2011, accessed August 30, 2011, http://www.barna.org/faith-spirituality/514-barnastudy-of-religious-change-since-1991-shows-significant-changes-by-faith-group It is under the section title of “Changes among Protestants” 28 7 individual being bold, confident and realizing a reduced fear in evangelism. Luke recorded seventy disciples had experienced the joy and power of evangelism after they were sent, “After these things the Lord appointed seventy others also, and sent them two by two before His face into every city and place where He Himself was about to go […] Then the seventy returned with joy […]”29 Hence, if evangelicals were trained, this researcher hypothesized that their ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers will be uplifted and strengthened and their participation in this training will result in a willingness to participate in evangelism. The testimony from EvanTell30 illustrated this point, “Through the training, God has given me a confidence and boldness I’ve never claimed before, and it is all because HE LIVES and LOVES through me. I now understand that we are each enabled by Him and qualified through Him to share the depth and the joy of our salvation with those He leads through the doors of our center.”31 A. Fernando had a comment on “People came under God’s sovereignty have confidence to evangelize.”32 and said, “Acts affirms the sovereignty of God in the various situations Christians faced: in the first persecution of believers, which resulted in a prayer that reflected on sovereignty (4:2430); in the scattering of believers that became the scattering of the seed of the gospel as 29 Luke 10:1-17 NKJV 30 EvanTell is the Parachurch Organization in Dallas, TX. accessed May 22, 2013 http://evantell.org/OurWork.aspx . “The goal of the ministry of EvanTell is to train and equip believers to share the gospel clearly and simply wherever the Lord sends them. At the core of our strategy and evangelism training is creating the boldness and know-how in believers to become champions for the gospel in their spheres of influence. This includes churches, pregnancy resource centers, schools, workplaces, mission trips, or wherever the Lord sends them.” Kari Annen.. “Ever Thought Sharing the gospel Was Intimidating? I did”. Accessed May 22, 2013 http://www.evantell.org/OurWork/OurImpact/OurImpactStoryDetail/tabid/292/Article/33/ever-thoughtsharing-the-gospel-was-intimidating-i-did.aspx#.UHhzVK6P8i8 Capital letters are original script. 31 32 Fernando, Ajith The NIV Application Commentary (ACTS). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 1998., 629. 8 refugees were transformed into missionaries (8:1,4); […] Evangelism thrives under the shadow of sovereignty.”33 If evangelicals experience evangelism training, would they gain the confidence to share their faith boldly with other people under God’s sovereignty? Therefore, the research question for this study asks, “How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers?” The schedule of this training program occurred over three consecutive weekends; with each evangelism training session taking up one day. Three consecutive weekends training was a good estimated time frame to teach participants basic evangelism skills and hopefully to build up their confidence in doing evangelism. The target participants were adult evangelicals. Since the language of this training was conducted in Cantonese, the second generation Chinese (for their Chinese language ability is limited) was not recruited. This training was open to all adult evangelicals from various Chinese churches in Calgary, Alberta. Doing evangelism is trying to move people into God’s Kingdom. By attending this evangelism training program, participants were expected to change from their evangelism “darenot” mentality to have confidence to share the gospel to any persons. The ultimate goal was for them to have skills and confidence in doing evangelism as a part of their Christian life. This researcher believed that as long as they come with a desire to learn (regardless of their background, ability, and capability), the Holy Spirit would empower all participants to carry out His mission if they were willing to do it. As Michael Green once mentioned, “When eleven men set out to evangelize the world, we may be permitted to wonder how on earth they did it. Within ten years of the death of Jesus the gospel about him had reached Alexandria and Antioch […]” and “What is more, they had no learning. They 33 Fernando, Ajith The NIV Application Commentary (ACTS). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 1998., 629. 9 were ignorant fisherman […] but to those trained either in the sophistication of Plato or the niceties of rabbinic Judaism they were indeed unlearned and ignorant men.”34 This three-weekend evangelism training integrated evangelism theory and participants’ hands-on practice to do the real time evangelism by reaching out to non-believers. When they were out to meet people (of mainly Chinese decent) to proclaim the gospel, they were not “hard selling” something. This researcher also made clear to participants that they were not proselytizing. “Proselytizing that dehumanizes the person is simply wrong. Using force and violence to convert someone is wrong. Proselytizing that expresses itself in hostility and malice is morally wrong. Dishonesty and duplicity about evangelistic intentions is wrong.”35 Hence, the ethic of this evangelism training was based on Christ’s love to “come to seek and to save that which was lost.”36 “The dignity and worth of persons, respect for persons, and love for persons – these are the foundations on which my treatment of the ethics of proselytizing rests.”37 This researcher concurred with Thiessen’s preliminary conclusion: “Indeed, we have a moral obligation to proselytize if we feel we have discovered truth that is important to other.”38 Doing evangelism is trying to move people into God’s Kingdom. “There is nothing so contagious as holiness, nothing more pervasive than prayer. This is precisely what the traditional Church means by evangelism and what distinguishes it from recruitment.”39 Holiness and prayer are essentials of our Christian faith. This researcher presumes that effective evangelism depends not only on technique, but also on our private Christian life (our holiness and our prayerful life). 34 Green, Michael. Evangelism Now & Then. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1979., 13 & 17. 35 Thiessen, Elmer John. The Ethics of Evangelism. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 2011., 43. 36 Luke 19:10 NKJV. 37 Thiessen, Elmer John. The Ethics of Evangelism. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 2011., 45. 38 Ibid. , 152. 39 Thornton, Martin. Pastoral Theology: A Reorientation. London: SCPK, 1956., 24. 10 However, the training of this project would only focus on the ‘hardware’ – teaching of evangelism techniques, together with the teaching of Biblical principles about evangelism, and how these teachings shaped them to be bold and confident enough to practice evangelism. In view of the above, this researcher will focus on evangelicals from various Chinese churches in Calgary in probing the question, “How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers?” This research is a self-report of participants to evaluate its impact on their ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers within the Chinese community in Calgary. Definition of Terms Evangelical: The Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism defines evangelical as “The term evangelical applies to anyone who subscribes to the tenets of evangelicalism. In a generic sense, an evangelical is someone who believes, first, in the centrality of the conversion or ‘BORN AGAIN’ experience as the criterion for entering the kingdom of heaven. Second, an evangelical is someone who takes the Bible seriously as God’s revelation to humanity;”40 Here we simply categorize as any born-again Chinese Christian adults from various churches in Calgary whom are willing to take part in doing personal evangelism. Evangelism: In general it refers to share the gospel with people through different means. It is evangelicals’ witnessing both in words and deeds. Detail definitions of evangelism would be studied in chapter two. Witnessing: According to Oxford Dictionary, witness means “give or serve as evidence of; testify to”, “(of a person) openly profess one's religious faith” and “have knowledge of (an 40 Balmer, Randall. Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism. Waco, TX.: Baylor University Press, 2004. , 236. 11 event or change) from personal observation or experience.” From two Bible Dictionaries, they described: “In the New Testament the various words for witness are mainly related to the verb martureo, meaning ‘to bear witness, be a witness.’ The word ‘martyr’ shows the ultimate form of witness in that Christians have sacrificed their lives because their witness for Jesus Christ.”41 And “The New testament equivalent, martys, is used only of persons, there being no example of a thing as bearer of witness.”42 Evangelism Training Program: For the purpose of this study, this evangelism program was designed for training participants in Biblical principles, and fundamental skills in how to evangelize. Basically, it was three full-days, comprehensive training program to be executed on three consecutive weekends, blended with theoretical teaching and on-field practicum. “non-believers”: this term is used in some settings to describe a person who has not yet believed in the Person and Work of Christ according to established evangelical understandings. While the term may seem negative (ie NON- believers), it is an oft used term to describe such individuals, without implying a superior attitude to them. Other similar terms include “not-yetbelievers” or “non-Christian”. Rationale and Purpose of this Ministry Project This researcher had taught and trained many Christians to evangelize within the church context for about one-quarter century in various cities, including Hong Kong, Vancouver, Edmonton, and Calgary. The course material in this project was mainly developed by this researcher, and it included principles derived from the teaching of Jesus Christ (the Four Gospels), and from Acts in the New Testament. The duration of this designed training course 41 Comfort, Philip and Elwell, Walter Editors, Tyndale Bible Dictionary. Carol Stream, Ill.: Tyndale House Publ., 2001., 1307. 42 Douglas, J D., Editor. The New Bible Dictionary. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press 1962., 1335. 12 was three weekends; each session included evangelism lectures in the morning and real time evangelism practice in the afternoon. The purpose of this unique arrangement was to integrate both evangelism theory learning and real time actions so that they would have the true experience of what it meant to do evangelism. Two evangelicals were grouped together to go out to do evangelism, so as they had the feeling of having the mutual encouragement and support from one another. The purpose of this research was to evaluate whether participants in this evangelism training would overcome some emotional barriers like fear, shyness and lack of confidence to witness. Could they be trained to have the ability and confidence to launch out to evangelize? This evangelism training also hoped to serve the purpose of once they were trained, they would continue to witness God wherever they go; encouraging participants to continue to live out the holistic Christian life after this training and thus hopefully brought the spiritual growth of a church, “Without evangelism the church would soon become extinct.”43 Method of this Ministry Project This study included a pre- and post-test design to measure any changes. This researcher conducted the initial survey with the participants who received this evangelism training on the first day they came to class. After the training, a similar survey was distributed according to the standard research ethics protocol. Then this researcher studied the collected data and analyzed the results. The questionnaires of this survey contained two parts and were under categories “General Spiritual Status” and “Evangelism”. This study covered the areas such as: 43 Moreau, A. Scott (Editor) Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books Publ. 2000., 343. 13 1. Are there any self reported changes in their ability towards witnessing God before and after the evangelism training? 2. Are there any self reported improvements in confidence in sharing the gospel to other people? 3. Do the teachings in this Evangelism Training help them to witness? This evangelism training program was conducted in various churches in Calgary, under the sponsorship of Pure Grace Evangelical Fellowship (PGEF, website: www.pgef.org). Pure Grace Evangelical Fellowship is a Chinese organization that encourages evangelicals to take action to evangelize. PGEF publishes and produces her own Gospel tracts, booklets, gospel CDs, and other evangelistic material and these gospel materials are free to the public. PGEF was the sponsor to provide all the gospel material to this three-week evangelism training course. An open invitation was extended to adult evangelicals through their church announcements and/or their own church pastors’ public invitation. Participants were free to enroll. The target group of participants was Cantonese speaking adults and about 30 people were expected to attend. Participants from various denominations background yielded a stronger objectivity in finding the result of this research. Limitations and Delimitations of this Ministry Project The language of this training program was conducted in Cantonese. Those who speak Mandarin but understand Cantonese were welcome to join. (The written Chinese words are identical. The difference is the pronunciation of the Chinese words). CBC (Canadian Born Chinese) would not be included. Even though most of them could speak limited Chinese, they normally could not read Chinese characters. When they outreached to the Chinese speaking community, their limited language ability may cause inconsistencies in this research. Although 14 they are usually raised up under Chinese family settings, they are influenced by the Canadian culture when they go to school. In order to avoid issues related to some potential cultural differences, and the concern about their different way of thinking – more Westernized – it would be appropriate to stay with Cantonese speaking Chinese. Since the evangelism training was conducted in Calgary and the target group of people was mainly Chinese, they could have experienced unexpected frustrations with the limited amount of Chinese speaking people they would encounter. However, the Chinese population in Calgary should be sufficient for them to practice evangelism. If the Cantonese speaking Chinese meets the Mandarin speaking Chinese or the second (or even the third) generation Chinese (Canadian Born Chinese) who speaks no Chinese at all, there may be the language barrier limitation; but some Cantonese speaking Chinese can speak English (although they may not be fluent) and understand Mandarin (but not vice versa). However, these limitations will not be the significant factors that can affect the ability to obtain a general overview from this ministry project. The underlying reasons for result generated can be focused on and studied later by a follow-up case study. There are delimitations in this project. This research is done in Calgary. Since Calgary is the third largest Chinese population city in Canada 44, Calgary is one of a typical city representing the Chinese community in Canada. This researcher assumes findings in this research can be a good sample to represent the overall evangelism picture among Chinese churches across Canada. 2001 Statistic Canada. “The Chinese Community in Canada” accessed August 31, 2011. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2006001-eng.htm “In 2001, Toronto was home to 436,000 Chinese Canadians, while another 348,000 lived in Vancouver. In fact, the Chinese community represents a large proportion of the total population of these two cities. In 2001, people of Chinese origin made up 18% of all Vancouver residents and 9% of those in Toronto. At the same time, they made up 6% of residents of Calgary , 5% of those in Edmonton , 4% of those in Victoria, and 3% of those in the National Capital Region.” 15 44 Chapter Two: Review of Literature and Theoretical Foundations Introduction Evangelicals sharing the Gospel could be as simple as to share the good news to people we meet and it should not be considered as a daunting task. It may be argued the above saying is over-simplified because it is not uncommon to discover not many evangelicals involving in doing evangelism. This chapter begins with a brief description of who were these evangelicals this project was recruiting and how many of them are still practicing evangelism. The literature review continues with literature on various definitions of evangelism. By exploring definitions of evangelism we can gain a comprehensive picture of what does it mean by evangelism. Since evangelism training involved participants practicing evangelism in public sectors, some ethic issues about this area are addressed. Evangelism training was one of the methods to teach evangelicals learning how to do evangelism, and there was a small discussion on an adult's learning. A chapter summary completes this section. Evangelicals defined in this project This project aimed at training evangelicals to have ability and confidence to do evangelism. Who were these evangelicals to be recruited in this evangelism training? The term evangelical, first came out at the beginning of Twentieth Century. “Although these people are in the tradition of the Reformation, they also owe much to Puritanism and Pietism.” 45 Later on, there was the rise of the Evangelical Movement. “Fundamentalism arose in the latter part of nineteenth century and the early twentieth as a reaction to higher criticism, theological liberalism, 45 Cairns, Earle E., Christianity through the Centuries. Grand Rapids, MI.: Zondervan Publ; 1954, Twenty-Fourth Printing 1981., 449. 16 and the growing movement of evolution.” 46 The term Evangelical came out due to “A movement arose over the past century that sought to avoid the theological errors of liberalism on one hand and the extreme views of fundamentalism on the other.” 47 Based on Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, evangelical was defined as: “In a generic sense, an evangelical is someone who believes, first, in the centrality of the ‘CONVERSATION’ or ‘BORN AGAIN’ experience as the criterion for entering the kingdom of heaven. Second, an evangelical is someone who takes the BIBLE seriously as God’s revelation to humanity, [..] within that broader definition, however, are various permutations of evangelicals: fundamentalists, Pentecostals, charismatic, and those in the holiness tradition.”48 There was another description towards evangelicals, from Miller’s quoted definition on evangelical: “A most casual but none-too-defining definition is this one from Got Questions Ministries: Evangelicalism is a somewhat broad term used to describe a movement within Protestantism that is characterized by an emphasis on having a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. This relationship begins when a person receives Christ’s forgiveness and is spiritually reborn. Those who ascribe to this belief are called evangelicals.” 49 Based on the above definition, evangelicals are spiritually reborn people who are to tell other people how important it is to have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ, and these people are also able to experience Christ’s forgiveness. According to Barna’s report “Barna defines evangelicals according to adherence to nine theological perspectives (defined in the details below), including one's personal responsibility to share their faith in Christ with others. So in this study, of course, evangelicals (100%) claim this responsibility by definition. Nearly seven out of 10 have acted on this conviction within 46 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009., 120. 47 Ibid., 120 48 Balmer, Randall. Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism. Waco, TX.: Baylor University Press, 2004., 197. Words in capital letters are from the original script. 49 Miller, Calvin. The Vanishing Evangelical. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books Publ., 2013., 9. 17 the last year, meaning evangelicals have the highest rate of evangelism among the various religious segments that Barna examined.”50 From the above finding, it is reasonable to assume all evangelicals agree that evangelism represents one of their foundational tasks – the undeniable task assigned from God. However, on the other hand, from Scott Dawson’s evangelism survey to more than six thousand Christians from sixteen States on why people have a hard time sharing their faith; he found, “The response most often given was ignorance. A majority of believers in this country do not have enough confidence in their knowledge of their faith to share it with another individual.” 51 And “A major reason most people will not share their faith is ignorance of what they believe.” 52 He went further his findings from this survey and said, “Our survey found that the second reason people have a hard time witnessing is fear. Our team categorized answers like ‘fear of rejection’, ‘fear of the unknown’ and ‘lack of boldness’ all under this topic.”53 How would evangelicals comprehend this apparently self-contradictory statistic? On one hand, evangelicals admit that this is “the undeniable task assigned from God”; but on the other Barna Group, “Is Evangelism Going out of Style?” last modified December 18, 2013, accessed December 19, 2013, https://www.barna.org/barna-update/faith-spirituality/648-is-evangelism-going-outof-style# 100% Evangelical verses 64% Protestant agrees “I, personally, have a responsibility to tell other people my religious beliefs.” According to this article, nine theological perspectives were summarized as below: 1. "Born again Christians" and is not dependent upon church or denominational affiliation or involvement. 2. Saying their faith (have made a personal commitment to Jesus Christ) is very important in their life today; 3. Believing they have a personal responsibility to share their religious beliefs about Christ with non-Christians; 4. Believing that Satan exists; 5. Believing that eternal salvation is possible only through grace, not works; 6. Believing that when they die they will go to Heaven because they had confessed their sins and had accepted Jesus Christ as their savior. 7. Believing that Jesus Christ lived a sinless life on earth; 8. Asserting that the Bible is accurate in all the principles it teaches; 9. Describing God as the all-knowing, all-powerful, perfect deity who created the universe and still rules it today. 50 Scott Dawson, “Why or Why Not Witness?” in The Complete Evangelism Guidebook, Ed. Scott Dawson, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2008)., 13. Italic is the original. 51 52 Dawson, Scott, Evangelism Today, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2009., 25. 53 Dawson, Scott, Evangelism Today, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2009., 14. Italic is the original. 18 hand, they face the real, practical problems of having fear and lack of confidence to go out to do evangelism. Hence, this researcher designed the evangelism training – trying to address to this evangelism contradiction, and proposing evangelism training would help evangelicals to have ability to share the gospel to other people with confidence. George Barna said, “Evangelism, then, is one of the most important elements of being faithful and obedient to God.”54 This researcher also concurs with his further comment, “Evangelism is critically important, but so are other elements of the Christian life. Christianity that focuses exclusively on evangelism and ignores the other critical factors of faithfulness is a dangerous, unbalanced Christianity. A life of devotion to Christ that does not include a focus on evangelism is similarly unbalanced.” 55 So, even though this researcher placed heavy emphasize on evangelicals need to do evangelism, it is not necessarily to undermine the importance of other spiritual disciplines. The Definitions of Evangelism. Different emphasis on the content of evangelism may lead to the development of different evangelism methodologies. However, regardless of what evangelism methods or strategies were developed to use, the bottom line is, evangelicals should learn – from some of these evangelism methods, how to share the gospel to other people effectively, for it is the command from God56. M McCloskey even placed the heavy emphasis on evangelism that it was God’s sovereignty to choose His children (evangelicals) and use people to finish the work: “[evangelism] is not a task that God does Himself. Rather, His sovereignty chooses to accomplish this work through His children. […] But He has chosen to use us, weak and sinful as we are, for this eternally significant work. […] A biblical philosophy of George Barna, “Extraordinary Actions,” in The Complete Evangelism Guidebook, Ed. Scott Dawson, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2008), 52. 54 55 Ibid., 52. 56 Matthew 28:19-20 19 evangelism must take note of the truth that God uses people to effect spiritual change with eternal results in the lives of others.”57 Though McCloskey might overstate that “[evangelism] is not a task that God does Himself”, it is very true that God uses us, regardless we are strong or weak, to do the evangelistic work. A clear concept about evangelism plays an important role of evangelicals’ commitment to finish this task. As Paul Little pointed out, “Our thoughts and attitudes determine our actions.” 58 K Harney shared the similar thought, “Our thinking shapes our actions. Sometimes a simple adjustment in our thinking can have far-reaching repercussions. If we shift the way we look at the world and the church, everything can change. And some of these new ways of thinking are far simpler than we realize.”59 If evangelicals accept these comments, then learning how to do evangelism is something they have to do, not something they want to do. As A. Reid said, “Evangelism means many things to many people in our day. Before we can go into any substantive discussion of evangelism, we must discover what the term means.” 60 Various definitions of evangelism would be studied in details as below. 1. Evangelism is defined as Actions. Rosalind Rinker quoted Dr. D. T. Niles, the missiologist in the era of 1960s, “Recently I heard a definition of evangelism which delighted me. ‘Evangelism is one beggar telling another beggar where to find bread.’ so we are back again to you and me, and now we are both McCloskey, Mark. Tell It Often Tell It Well. San Bernardino, CA.: Here’s Life Publ., 1986., 75 & 76 respectively. 57 58 Little, Paul. Guide to Evangelism. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1977., 11. 59 Harney, Kevin G. Organic Outreach for Churches. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ., 2011., 59 60 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009., 17. 20 beggars!”61 In that era, most evangelicals resonated with this simple definition. “This definition is helpful in that it emphasizes the humility necessary for the believer to have when witnessing. We are not better than those to whom we are witness; we have met Jesus, and He has changed us.” 62 If evangelicals are aware of they are all “beggars”, and know where they can get the spiritual bread, they are obligated to tell other beggars to get it. From this metaphor, evangelicals learned the action of doing evangelism was considered as “feeding the spiritual hunger of the people”. Later, R. Rinker (1962) declared that evangelism was the action of witnessing the Person of Jesus Christ. “Witness was defined as: one who knows both the facts and the truth concerning the Person of Jesus Christ and who can share this knowledge with others.” 63 In the era of the late 1970’s, the mindset of evangelism became, “[the] main responsibility of a Christian witness is to keep close to Christ so that He may show forth His love and compassion, and to get close to non-Christians, so as to understand how they think and react.”64 Later during the early 1970s, some strong words were used to emphasize evangelism-inaction: “How awful it is that the Great Commission has become the Great Omission! The majority of God’s people are silent about Christ. Reader, if you are in that guilty group, let me remind you that as a Christian you will stand before the judgment seat of Jesus Christ to give an account of what you have done in your body (II Cor. 5:10 […] Failure to obey the Lord’s command to witness will mean suffering loss when we stand before His fiery judgment (I cor. 3:15).”65 And even ten years later, a co-mission with God, was noted: 61 Rinker, Rosalind. You can Witness with Confidence. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ., 1962., 53. 62 Reid, Alvin. Introduction to Evangelism. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman Publ., 1998., 12. 63 Rinker, Rosalind. You can Witness with Confidence. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ., 1962., 60. 64 Samuel, Leith. Share your Faith. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1979., 16. 65 Godfrey, George. How to Win Souls & Influence People for Heaven. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1973., 18-19. 21 “‘Evangelism,’ said someone ‘is not just a commission, but a co-mission.’ In other words, God and man team up in order to bring souls into the Kingdom. We cannot do it without Him, and He won’t do it without us.”66 There is another definition of evangelism addressing the action of evangelism: “This is how I define evangelism: Evangelism is a concerted, self-conscious effort to confront the unbeliever with the truth about and the claims of Christ with a view to challenging and leading that unbeliever into repentance toward God and faith in our Lord Jesus Christ and thus into the fellowship of his church that the discipleship process may carry on.”67 The action of “to confront the unbeliever” as described in the quote should not be solely limited to this “confront” approach. Any meaningful actions in evangelism would be inclusive, such as a friendship evangelism approach. Based on the above definition of evangelism, it requires actions, so this evangelism training would require participants, not only come to learn evangelism in theory, but also in action – to practice evangelism. 2. Define Evangelism according to the content. Certainly, evangelicals should have no doubts that evangelism requires action; but what is the spiritual content of evangelism in this action? Michael Green used Archbishop W Temple’s definition on evangelism, “One of the best definitions derives from Archbishop William Temple. ‘To evangelize is so to present Jesus Christ in the power of the Holy Spirit that men come to put their faith in God through him, to accept him as their Saviour and to serve him as their King in the fellowship of his Church.’ That, and no less, is evangelism. It is a matter of the Christian community sharing good news of a Saviour with those who do not know him.”68 66 Hughes, Selwyn. Sharing your Faith. Marshall Morgan & Scott, 1983., 116. Drummond, Lewis, A. Reaching Generation Next, Effective Evangelism in Today’s Culture. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2002., 33 67 68 Green, Michael. Evangelism Now & Then. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1979., 13-14. 22 J.I. Packer also quoted this definition of evangelism (by Archbishop Temple) in his book, “Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God.”, Packer emphasized on “evangelism means to present Christ Jesus” He said: “Evangelism means to present Christ Jesus, the divine Son who became man at a particular point in world-history in order to save a ruined race [..] evangelism means to present Christ Jesus Himself, the living Saviour and the reigning Lord [..] evangelism means to present Christ Jesus as Christ, God’s anointed Servant, fulfilling the tasks of His appointed office as Priest and King.” 69 M Green also suggested that kerussein root (to proclaim) is not the only meaning of evangelism, “It is just one of the three great words used for proclaiming the Christian message, the other two being euaggelizesthai (to ‘tell good news’) and marturein (to ‘bear witness’).”70 So the content of evangelism should have these concepts: “The gospel is good news; it is proclamation; it is witness.” 71 If evangelicals consider the Berlin World Congress and the Lausanne Covenant on Evangelism, both offered a similar definition towards the content of evangelism. The Berlin World Congress (1966) on Evangelism defined: “Evangelism is the proclamation of the gospel of the crucified and risen Christ, the only redeemer of men, according to the Scriptures, with the persuading condemned and lost sinners to put their trust in God by receiving and accepting Christ as Savior through the power of the Holy Spirit, and to serve Christ as Lord in every calling of life and in the fellowship of His Church, looking toward the day of His coming in glory.” 72 The Lausanne Covenant (1974) defined: 69 J.I Packer, “Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God.” Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1961., 38. 70 Green, Michael. Evangelism in the Early Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1970, Revised Edition 2003., 76. 71 Ibid., 77. McCloskey, Mark. Tell It Often Tell It Well. San Bernardino, CA.: Here’s Life Publ., 1986. Quoted from his book in, 50. 23 72 “To evangelize is to spread the good news that Jesus Christ died for our sins and was raised from the dead according to the Scripture, and that as the reigning Lord, He now offers the forgiveness of sins and the liberating gift of the Spirit to all who repent and believe […] But evangelism itself is the proclamation of the historical, biblical Christ as Savior and Lord, with a view to persuading people to come to Him personally and so be reconciled to God. […] The results of evangelism include obedience to Christ, incorporation into His Church and responsible service in the world” 73 The above definitions focus primarily on the content of evangelism; that is, Jesus Christ must be proclaimed to the world. “It was through his life, death, and resurrection that salvation was made available, so much so that Jesus came in person was the Gospel.” 74 Bill Leonard also defined evangelism in the similar fashion, “Christian evangelism is the good news that Jesus Christ is the way to God. It is the proclamation of the story of Jesus and the call to follow him. Evangelism also involves the living out of that good news in the world.”75 More recently, there is another detailed definition on evangelism, wherein the content was expanded: “Evangelism is the proclamation in word, deed and Christian character of the saving work of Jesus Christ on the cross and through the resurrection. Evangelism lies at the core of the identity of being evangelical. We affirm that it is not possible to be truly evangelical without a radical commitment to world evangelization; indeed, such a commitment is inherent to Christian identity itself. Evangelism is one of the three central characteristics of evangelicalism, based on the understanding that Jesus Christ is the unique Saviour of humanity and Lord of all creation and that the Scriptures are the ultimate authority in all matters of faith and conduct. The WEA calls on all evangelicals and Christians worldwide to renew their commitment to holistic evangelism. By this we emphasize the connection between proclaiming the good news of Jesus Christ in word and practicing it in our actions: both are necessary for the integrity of the gospel. “The nature of Evangelism,” The Lausanne Covenant (1974), http://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/lausanne-covenant.html 73 accessed Jan 6, 2014, 74 Prendergast, Terrence. (Translator) Dictionary of the New Testament. San Francisco: Harper & Row Publ. 1980., 214. Bill Leonard, “Evangelism and Contemporary American Life,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 102. 24 75 Furthermore, personal conversion must result in the growth of Christian character and witness.”76 Hence, this researcher’s evangelism training would let participants to have a clear grasp of this fundamental message – the gospel content mentioned above should be included while they practiced evangelism. That was to remind them when they shared the gospel to nonbelievers; Jesus Christ should remain the main course of the sharing. 3. Define Evangelism through social concern aspect. The World Evangelical Alliance (WEA) defined evangelism by expanding to include not only Jesus Christ’s salvation work; but also inclusion of the social concern aspect. After John Stott attended “The International Congress on World Evangelization which took place at Lausanne from July 16-25, 1974”77, he wrote “The Significance of Lausanne”. In his article, John Stott concurred with Samuel Escobar’s comment and said, “He (Samuel Escobar) warned against the danger of mutilating the gospel by eliminating the demands for the fruit of repentance in concrete social and ethical terms. He emphasized that ‘God’s salvation transforms man in the totality of his life,’ and that we must renounce ‘a false and anti-biblical dichotomy between evangelism and social action.’”78 Therefore, a definition of evangelism included social welfare and justice (social gospel). “Evangelism can never be limited to satisfying some people’s spiritual needs, while most people’s cries for justice, freedom, and basic human dignity go unattended.”79 A Veronis said: “Theological Commission Offers “New Statement on Evangelism.” World Evangelical Alliance, accessed Oct. 16, 2012, http://www.worldea.org/news/4098/wea-theological-commission-offers-newstatement-on-evangelism 76 John Stott, “The Significance of Lausanne,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 305. 77 78 Ibid., 306. 79 Saxbee, John. Liberal Evangelism, A Flexible Response to the Decade. Great Britain, 1994., 111 25 “Orthodox understands the gospel as a message to the total person, physically as well as spiritually. They see Christ’s teaching about healing the sick, feeding the hungry, caring for the widow and orphan, uplifting the disinherited, supporting the oppressed, fighting injustice, and making life in this world hospitable for all as part of the complete gospel message.”80 The argument of viewing evangelism should include the social concern is usually based on the reign of God and how they interpret salvation, “those more concerned with the social implications of the gospel tend to speak about ‘building’ the reign of God.”81, and “salvation connotes both the justification and regeneration of the individual believer and also the social justice that emerges through the political restructuring of society.” 82 Reinhard Bonnke wrote, “People are the primary concern of Jesus. ‘I have come to set the captive free.’ He didn’t come to renovate the prison cells or to make them more comfortable with nice beds and color television. He wants people out of prison, not comfortable in their cells. The gospel is not renovation, decoration, or reformation. It is liberation!” 83 And also, Bosch (under his sub-title, “Because of this, evangelism cannot be divorced from preaching and practicing of justice”) commented: “Evangelism, then, means enlisting people for the reign of God, liberating them from themselves, their sins and their entanglements, so that they will be free for God and neighbor. It calls individuals to a life of openness, vulnerability, wholeness and love. To win people to Jesus is to win their allegiance to God’s priorities. God wills not only that we be rescued from hell and redeemed for heaven, but also that within us---and through Alexander Veronis, “Orthodox Concepts of Evangelism and Mission,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 281. 80 George Hunsberger, “Is There Biblical Warrant for Evangelism?,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 66. 81 Ronald J Sider, “Evangelism, Salvation, and Social Justice” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 189. 82 83 Bonnke, Reinhard, Evangelism By Fire, Igniting Your Passion for the Lost. Word Publishing. 1990., 77. 26 our ministry also in society around us----the ‘Fullness of Christ’ recreated, the image of God be restored in our lives and relationships.” 84 Following the above viewpoints, evangelism should refer to all activities involved in spreading the gospel, and the theological reflection on these activities. And this theological reflection is: “Evangelism is oriented toward the reign of God. The ultimate goal toward which evangelism moves is the realization of God’s reign in human life. While not unconcerned with the salvation of the individual in and through Christ, initiating persons into an alternative community of God’s people who give themselves for the life of the world is its proper end. We embrace a ‘holistic’ vision of evangelism that affirms both personal salvation and social justice.”85 Taking the above viewpoints, those who favors this idea would place the priority in justice over the faith towards the definition of the gospel. For example, when W Brueggemann affirmed the governance of the God of the gospel, he put “justice” first, “mercy” the second, and “faith” the last. “The God of the gospel is a God who sends persons and communities to claim many zones of the world for God’s governance of ‘justice, mercy, and faith’ (Matt. 23:23)”86 Evangelism – proclaiming the good news to people and community- addresses not only the spiritual emptiness of non-believers, but also their social needs. Thus, the activities developed should not be only limited to just their spiritual need, but also their physical need (to the justice of society at large). “When reaching out to individuals in need, there are two hands that work best together. One hand is that of speaking a gospel presentation to someone, and the 84 Bosch, Davis J. Transforming Mission--- Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1991., 418. 85 Chilcote, Paul W. & Warner, Laceye C., Editors. The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publ., 2008. , xxvi. Walter Brueggemann, “Evangelism and Discipleship,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 219. 27 86 other hand is that of meeting someone’s physical need.” 87 Scott Moreau made a good balance comment towards this issue, “[some] contend that evangelism involves only the gospel declaration, while others identify it essentially with establishing a caring presence in society or seeking to rectify injustice. It should be clear that both are necessary. One without the other leaves a distorted impression of the good news.”88 There is sometimes tension between these two camps – one camp emphasizes meeting their physical needs before any evangelism can be done, while the other camp defends their sin and spiritual emptiness is the priority issue that needed to be addressed first, before any physical needs are to be fulfilled. Detail discussions on this area are beyond the scope of this paper, so it is not intended to be covered here. This researcher’s evangelism training will put the emphasis on personal evangelism – how to train the person to be an evangelical, practicing evangelism in his or her daily life, participants are well reminded that if they go out to do evangelism, do not overlook the non-believers physical needs. Sometimes helping non-believers’ physical immediate need is a good means to pave the way to share the gospel to them. The aim of this Evangelism Training is to equip an evangelical to do evangelism – it is the person who provides and cares for people holistically. 4. Based on the attitude and motivation to define Evangelism. In addition to the above thoughts on evangelism, Darrell Guder proposed a definition of evangelism, addressing the attitude and motivation of the people who are practicing evangelism. “Evangelism is GOD’S PEOPLE joyfully sharing the good news of the sovereign love of God and GOD’S SPIRIT calling all people to repentance, to personal faith in Jesus Christ 87 88 Dawson, Scott, Evangelism Today, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2009., 64. Moreau, A. Scott (Editor) Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books Publ. 2000., 342. 28 as Savior and Lord, to active membership in the church, and to obedient service AND WITNESS in the world.”89 J.D. Greear has insightful words about this from his book, Gospel. “The point of this book is that the gospel is the only thing that can produce that kind of love for God in you. Love for Jesus cannot be produced simply by command. And without love, Paul said, even the greatest acts of faith and commitment are ultimately worthless to God (1 Cor. 13:1-3) […] the only way that love for God and others grows in us through faith in the story of God’s greatest love for us – the gospel”90 As evangelical witnessing, it is the sharing of their heartfelt faith in Christ – what God has personally done to change their individual lives. It is all about revealing the unseen Jesus Christ in their lives both in word and deeds. Their daily consecrated life lived to witness God is considered as the “non-verbal” sharing the gospel to their family members, relatives, friends, neighbors, working colleagues, and even the strangers in public areas. It is more or less like “living the gospel” in their daily walk. These two words evangelism and evangelical witnessing used in this project can be synonymous when the sub-title of “Life-time practicing evangelism – Witnessing” was discussed below later. If evangelicals’ attitude toward evangelism changes from focusing on themselves – their doing – to God’s love for the lost people, they may be freed from frustration even though there are no guaranteed results found in doing evangelism. 89 Guder, Darrell L. The Continuing Conversion of the Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans Publ., 2000. , 205. According to Guder’s footnote, his definition was adopted from Evangelism and Church Development Unit, Presbyterian Church (U.S.A), Louisville, 1990; the capitalized words are Guder’s amendments. 90 Greear, J D. Gospel, Recovering the Power that Made Christianity Revolutionary. Nashville, TN.: B & H Publ., 2011., 244. 29 “I took that role very seriously, praying much for a greater love for the lost. I saw no change in the practice of my witness, however, until I focused on the lost and their need and more on my Savior and His love. That motivated me!” 91 After the attitude in evangelism is changed, evangelicals may feel God’s love to move and thus compel them to launch out to share the gospel to other people in all seasons. “They did it because of the overwhelming experience of the love of God which they had received through Jesus Christ. The discovery that the ultimate force in the universe was Love, and that this Love had stooped to the very nadir of self-abasement for human good, had an effect on those who believed it which nothing could remove.” 92 By acknowledging this, evangelicals should be free from the concern on the cost-andeffect of evangelism. It is their witness in their Christian walk. “Evangelism thus includes the ‘gospel events’. It is, essentially, not a call to something into effect, as if God’s reign would be inaugurated by our response or thwarted by the absence of such response. It is a response to what God has already put into effect. In light of this, evangelism cannot be defined in terms of its results or effectiveness, as though evangelism has only occurred where there are ‘converts’. Rather, evangelism should be perceived in terms of its nature, as mediating the good news of God’s love in Christ that transform life, proclaiming, by word and action, that Christ has set us free.” 93 5. The role of the Holy Spirit in the definition of Evangelism. The role of the Holy Spirit in evangelism is not explicitly spelled out from the definition above. We need Holy Spirit to empower us to practice evangelism. “The secret of New Testament evangelism is to let the Holy Spirit have His way in our lives.”94 When we compare 91 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009., 35-36. 92 Green, Michael. Evangelism in the Early Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003., 236. 93 Bosch, Davis J. Transforming Mission--- Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1991., 412-413. 94 Moreau, A. Scott (Editor) Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books Publ. 2000., 343. 30 the Lausanne Covenant offers the definition of evangelism 95 back in 1980, and the document created at Cape Town in 2010, The Third Lausanne Congress on World Evangelization, they have added the important role of the Holy Spirit to the mission of the church. This particular article says: “We love the Holy Spirit within the unity of the Trinity, along with God the Father and God the Son. He is the missionary Spirit sent by the missionary Father and the missionary Son, breathing life and power into God's missionary Church. We love and pray for the presence of the Holy Spirit because without the witness of the Spirit to Christ, our own witness is futile. Without the convicting work of the Spirit, our preaching is in vain. Without the gifts, guidance and power of the Spirit, our mission is mere human effort. And without the fruit of the Spirit, our unattractive lives cannot reflect the beauty of the gospel.”96 Gary Tyra resonated, “God’s Spirit has enchanted for using God’s people to accomplish God’s purpose. Furthermore, a primary way the Holy Spirit does this is by prompting Christ’s followers to speak and act towards others on behalf of him, in ways designed to evangelize, edify and equip.”97 Hence, if evangelicals understand the role of the Holy Spirit in evangelism, it may help evangelicals to handle fear, as S Dawson said, “Jesus promises us that his Spirit will empower us, enable us, and encourages in our daily lives. To be overcome with fear in evangelism is to take the focus off Christ and place it on us. The Holy Spirit goes before us to prepare the hearts that will be open to the gospel.”98 95 The Lausanne Covenant definition of evangelism, please refer to footnote 18 in above, 6. “We love the Holy Spirit.” The Cape Town Commitment from 2011 The Lausanne Movement, Lausanne Org., Accessed October 2, 2013. http://www.lausanne.org/en/documents/ctcommitment.html 96 97 Tyra, Gary. The Holy Spirit in Mission: Prophetic Speech and Action in Christian Witness. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 2011., 12. Scott Dawson, “Don’t be afraid,” in The Complete Evangelism Guidebook, ed. Scott Dawson (Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 2008) 100. 31 98 And similar saying was also found in E J V Hoogen’s sharing on reaching people through Spirit-led dialogue, “[the] key for reaching individuals for Christ in any culture, any religious context and in any place is to recognize that the Holy Spirit is always ahead of us working in the hearts of people.”99 and “[by] the Spirit, the Lord Jesus is living in us. We are ready-made to share the gospel with those who are being made ready for it.”100 This evangelism training would remind participants not to forget it was the Holy Spirit’s work to empower them to do evangelism. In the training, corporate prayers before they launched out to do evangelism would be arranged. Both M. Green and J.I. Parker used the same definition of evangelism (to “present Jesus Christ”101) by Archbishop Temple as a base to further elaborate evangelism. Almost all later evangelism definitions were drawn upon this concept, to “present Jesus Christ”; and these later definitions simply add details about who Jesus Christ is, and how is the powerful role of the Holy Spirit in evangelism. Evangelicals should be compelled by God’s love to do evangelism; and to participate in God’s eternal salvation plan, which is, God the Father designed, God the Son executed and God the Holy Spirit guaranteed. That is the Triune God’s plan to people throughout the centuries, from eternity to eternity. “Because the gospel is revelation about what God has done in history, we must respond with faith, not uncertainty or conjecture. When we realize that the gospel is not a private 99 Hoogen, E. Joel Van, Pathway to the Soul. Camp Hill, Penn.: Wing Spread Publ., 2013, 1. Italic is the original script. 100 Ibid., xx. 101 Refer to the footnote #14., 5. 32 but rather a public declaration of what God has done in history to draw near to us, we are enabled to respond in faith, believing that Jesus is Savior and Lord.”102 Evangelicals are encouraged to participate in God’s wonderful salvation plan for all people – to practice evangelism, by “presenting Jesus Christ” in our daily life, and all with “the presence of the Holy Spirit” – because without the witness of the Spirit to Christ, our own witness is futile. Thus, this researcher would seek, if evangelicals embrace this basic faith in their heart, and if they receive proper evangelism training how to present Jesus Christ and what the gospel content of Jesus Christ is, would they gain confidence and share Jesus Christ to other people with boldness? Evangelism is a Life-time process. Bill Leonard observed that the trend of American churches doing evangelism was project-event oriented. He indicated, “This is particularly evident in the shift of many churches from an evangelism of process to an evangelism of transaction.” 103 He further commented, in his article, Evangelism and Contemporary American Life , “this stress on the human side of conversion can and does lead to a ‘transactional’ view of evangelism, not as process but as single event. Once the prayer is prayed and the invitation accepted, then the transaction is over – salvation is secured and heaven achieved.”104 102 Patrick, Darrin. Church Planter, The Man, The Message, The Mission. Wheaton, Ill Crossway. 2010., 109-110. Bill J. Leonard, “Evangelism and Contemporary American Life,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans), 2008., 114. 103 104 Ibid., 114. 33 Though some evangelicals may unconsciously fall into this “trap”, they should re-think the true process of evangelism. Hence, evangelism is a process105; or it is even considered as a life-time process. Another similar saying towards evangelism is, “[evangelism] is a process more than it is an event.” 106 Mark McCloskey wrote, “I believe that a proper understanding of evangelism as both an event and a process […]”107 and James White concurred, “Evangelism should be understood as process and event – with a renewed emphasis on process.”108 “With a renewed emphasis on process” is essentially carrying a similar saying as what Scott Dawson wrote his book, in chapter title named “Improve the Process: Creativity in Evangelism.” 109 The point is, evangelism should never mean to be a one-time project. “Evangelism Isn’t a One-Time Deal.”110 If evangelicals commit their lives to evangelism, they would concur with what A. Reid has confessed, “My point in sharing this is to say that for me evangelism is not a job; it is the passion of my life.”111 Since it is the whole life-process, evangelicals should have the following commitments in their lives. Though this project seemed to be more an event (the training) than 105 Webber, Robert. Ancient-Future Faith. Grand Rapids, Baker Books Publ., 1999. 7th Printing 2006. , 141. He used “Evangelism as Process” as the sub-topic under his Part 6 A Classical/Postmodern Mission. Chilcote, Paul W. & Warner, Laceye C. Editor, “The Study of Evangelism – Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church”. Grand Rapids, MI:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2008, xxvi. 107 McCloskey, Mark. Tell It Often Tell It Well. San Bernardino, CA.: Here’s Life Publ., 1986., 67. 106 108 Dockery, David S. Editor, The Challenge of Postmodernism. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2001. , 178. It was quoted under James White’s article, “Evangelism in a Postmodern World”. 109 Dawson, Scott, Evangelism Today, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2009., 105. Perry Noble. “6 Thoughts on Evangelism Every Leader Should Know.” Last modified 08-28, 2012, accessed 09-01, 2012, http://www.outreachmagazine.com/features/4879-perry-noble-6-thoughts-onevangelism-every-leader-should-know.html Other five thoughts included 1. Evangelism Is the Proclamation of Jesus Christ—PERIOD! (Acts 8:4-8) 2. Evangelism Will Disrupt Our “Normal” Routine! 3. God Is Preparing the Hearts of the People He Is Prompting Us to Share Christ With! 4. Be Normal! 5. Evangelism Must Come Back Around to a Conversation About Christ. 110 111 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009., 8. 34 process, this researcher would tell participants coming to this training (an event) was to equip them to begin their journey in practicing evangelism in their lives (a process). 1. Life- time practicing evangelism – Witnessing. “But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.”112 To be witnesses for God, empowered by the Holy Spirit and regardless of where we go, is supposed to be the right attitude to do evangelism. In order to have a portrait of witnessing to God through the lens of evangelism, some scholars provided the following descriptions: “The authority to share the good news comes through the Holy Spirit, who makes us witnesses. A witness is one who declares on the basis of personal experience what he or she knows to be true about Christ.”113; “A witness to Jesus Christ is one who knows Him and is interested in introducing Him to others.”114, and “[…] to bear witness to Jesus Christ, for evangelism is, at heart, introducing Jesus Christ to others and inviting them to become partakers in His Kingdom.”115 To do the witness – practice evangelism – is simply to say, to witness/introduce Jesus to other people. Selwyn Huges quoted John White’s words regarding witnessing, by stating witnesses should have the integrity of the honest character: “John White, a Christian psychiatrist writing on this point, says: Has it never dawned upon you that the essence of witnessing is just plain honesty? You are salt---whether you feel like it or not. You are not told to act like salt but to be what you are. You are light. God has done a work in your life. Don’t try to shine. Let the light that God put there shine out. It demands no more than honesty. It demands honesty before unbelievers. In 112 Acts 1:8, NKJV. Bold added 113 Ogden, Greg. Discipleship Essentials. A Guide to Building your Life in Christ. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Publ., Expanded Edition 2007., 164. 114 Rinker, Rosalind. You can Witness with Confidence. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ., 1962., 47. 115 Sunquist, Scott W. Understanding Christian Mission. Grand Rapids, MI., Baker Academic 2013., 312. 35 fact such honesty is ninety percent of witnessing. Witnessing is not putting a Christian front so as to convince prospective customers. Witnessing is just being honest, that is, being true to what God has made you in your speech and everyday behavior.” 116 Therefore, evangelicals bearing witness without honesty would be in vain. To summarize, the integrity of evangelicals’ character in their daily lives is the basic, but vital foundation for all the witnessing to Christ. “A conversation may be a matter of a few minutes, but the witness is the product of a lifetime,” and “[effective] witness is the overflow of the inner life.” 117 Jesus Christ said, “You are the salt of this world and you are the light of this world” so “let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works and glorify your Father in heaven.” 118 Their character of integrity in the witnessing, and their pleasant and joyful personality to meet any people are the important assesses; and we know all of these are the work of the Holy Spirit. If evangelicals can bring people to Christ successfully through their witnessing, they should share the common experience of “[there] is great joy in leading a person from Satan to the Savior, from sin’s defeat to salvation’s delight, from hell to heaven.” 119 Obviously, the joy of witnessing plays an important role to sustain evangelicals to keep on doing evangelism (witnessing) Christ to other people throughout their lives. If evangelicals want to have the good witnessing, they also need to consecrate themselves to live for Jesus in their whole life. Rebecca Pippert said, “How, then, are we to be different? John Stott in his treatment of the Sermon on the Mount summarizes this portion of Matthew and consequently defines our “difference” this way: (1) a Christian’s character (for example, we thirst for righteousness, we are peacemakers, we are pure in heart); (2) a Christian’s influence (we are salt and light in 116 Hughes, Selwyn. Sharing your Faith. Marshall Morgan & Scott, 1983., 29. 117 Samuel, Leith. Share your Faith. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1979., 9. 118 Matthew 5: 16 NJKV. 119 Godfrey, George. How to Win Souls & Influence People for Heaven. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1973., 23. 36 our communities); (3) a Christian’s righteousness (we are conformed to God’s moral teaching); (4) a Christian’s piety (which is marked by our sincerity of devotion); (5) a Christian’s ambitious (we seek first the glory of God instead of self-centered material wealth and possession); (6) a Christian’s relationships (we do not judge others but we serve them); and (7) a Christian’s commitment (we obey Christ as Lord).” 120 It is the heart of the witnessing. “Witnessing was one of the defining marks of authentic Christianity.”121 2. Witnessing by love and Holy Spirit. Although evangelicals have the responsibility to witness in their lives, their passion to love people is important. Love cannot be fulfilled by alone; it can only be fulfilled by people living together in a community. Similarly, to witness Jesus Christ in their daily lives can never be done alone; evangelicals need to be in this world, to connect with people, and bring them into Christian community. Autonomous Individualism is one of the characteristics in the post-modern world. “Ultimate moral authority is self-generated. In the end, we answer to no one but ourselves. Our choices are ours alone, determined by our personal pleasure, and not by any higher moral authority.”122 Under the daily influence of this kind of mentality, some evangelicals’ life style may easily be affected. This may undermine their love and eagerness to witness. If evangelicals understood the gospel message should never be confined to one’s individual and/or personal relationship with God. Instead, it needs to be spread out to other people. Their witnessing should also lead to “Paul’s understanding of the gospel is not individualized or privatized. Rather, it is 120 Pippert, Rebecca Out of the Salt Shaker & into the World, (Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP, 2nd Edition 1999), ,24-25. 121 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009., 77. James E. White, “Evangelism in a Postmodern World”, in The Challenge of Postmodernism, ed. David S Dockery, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2001), 173. 37 122 the message that brings people who have previously felt their separation […] the gospel is a message of reconciliation for all alienated people.”123 So, “[they] will be reached as believers intentionally build relationships with them and share a credible verbal witness. This is the most effective and imperative form of evangelism. It is simple and profound as that.” 124 Some evangelicals may claim they have to climb up to a high spiritual plateau in order to be good at witnessing Christ. However, L. Gilbert responded, “[…] a higher level of spirituality should never be a prerequisite or a barrier for not sharing Christ with others. 125, evangelicals should have faith in God; as “I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me”126 and “He who abides in Me, and I in him, bears much fruit; for without Me you can do nothing.” 127 If evangelicals have the heart to witness, they will overcome the barriers. This is the Christian faith, and simultaneously, this is God’s gift to empower His people to do it. “Any Christian who is willing to commit himself or herself, can become a dynamic soul winner, skillfully able to meet total strangers and lead them to Christ […] However, all Christians can use their own God-given gifts in the process of evangelism and can help stair-step people to Christ.”128 These God-given gifts are free-will gifts from the Holy Spirit. “There are diversities of gifts, but the same Spirit.” and “[but] one and the same Spirit works all these things, distributing 123 Guder, Darrell L. The Continuing Conversion of the Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publ., 2000., 96. W.B. James E. White, “Evangelism in a Postmodern World”, in The Challenge of Postmodernism, ed. David S Dockery, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2001), 177. 124 Gilbert, Larry. Team Evangelism: How to Influence Your Loved Ones for Christ when you don’t have the Gift of Evangelism. Forest, VA: Church Growth Institute 1996., 15. 125 126 Philippians 4:13 NKJV. 127 John 15:5 NKJV. Gilbert, Larry. Team Evangelism: How to Influence Your Loved Ones for Christ when you don’t have the Gift of Evangelism. Forest, VA: Church Growth Institute 1996., 13. 38 128 to each one individually as He wills.” 129 It is Holy Spirit’s work to move people to Christ. Evangelicals just do their part by His gift. “Therefore I make known to you that no one speaking by the Spirit of God calls Jesus accursed, and no one can say that Jesus is Lord except by the Holy Spirit.”130 If evangelicals know witnessing for Christ should be one of their top priorities, they should always balance it out by acknowledging it is their responsibility to witness Christ, but it is also God’s sovereignty to save. “But the way to tell whether in fact you are evangelizing is not to ask whether conversions are known to have resulted from your witness. It is to ask whether you are faithfully making known the gospel message.” 131 D. Guder gave a good remark, “To be faithful witnesses, we in the Western traditions must also be penitent witnesses, receiving the gift of conversion from God’s Spirit.”132 When evangelicals have this conviction and faith, they should witness at any time and at anywhere they go, for Gordon Smith said, “Evangelism is a vital part of our common life as Christians.” 133 “If we are convinced that we are doing other people’s favor by witnessing to them, we will not be threatened if they do not respond. We will be saved from begging which often demeans the gospel.”134 Evangelism and Spiritual Formation. Since witnessing is a life-time process, spiritual formation is also the life-time process. As James Wilhoit indicated, “I describe spiritual formation as a process, thereby implying that formation is a long-term, lifelong venture, and that it results from a multidimensional ministry, 129 1 Corinthians 12: 4, 11. NKJV. 130 1 Corinthians 12: 3 NKJV. 131 Packer, J.I. Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1961, 41. 132 Guder, Darrell L. The Continuing Conversion of the Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: W.B. Eerdmans Publ., 2000., 103. 133 Smith, Gordon T, Beginning Well. Downers Grove, IL: InterVaristy Press, 2001., 10. 134 Little, Paul. Guide to Evangelism. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1977., 13. 39 not just a technique or program.”135 and “Spiritual formation is certainly a multi-factorial process that requires us to constantly ask God what we should be doing, rather than relying on our power and skill.”136 1. Evangelism should be highlighted as one of the disciplines in spiritual formation. Since J. Wilhoit mentioned, spiritual formation is “a multidimensional ministry”, it should include the wide aspects of a doing list. It is quite common to find the following “doing list” of spiritual formation, namely, to have a regular quiet, private devotion time to God, earnestly prayers, have a Bible study, read spiritual books, celebrate on every Sunday Worship with other saints, and so forth. These inward bound practices are not deniable to be the inclusive path of spiritual formation, but it should also include the outward bound practice of evangelism. If evangelicals agree “[spiritual] formation does not take place primarily in small groups and Sunday school classes; instead, it mostly takes place in the well-lived and everyday events of life.”137, evangelicals should not forget witnessing God in their “everyday events of life”. Hence, witnessing should be emphasized as one of the disciplines in the path of spiritual formation. J. Wilhoit continued to say: “True spiritual formation will always carry out a twofold task in relation to the gospel. One is the preaching and teaching of the gospel to promote a depth of understanding, greater trust, and spiritual cleansing and healing. This is the mission of actively presenting the gospel so that people can engage it and use it in their lives […] The gospel is at work as we seek to live out its teaching on speaking the truth, turning away from lust, diminishing racially biased judgment, and focusing assessment on character and 135 Wilhoit, James C. Spiritual Formation as if the Church Mattered. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic Publ., 2008., 23. 136 Ibid., 17. 137 Ibid., 38. 40 competence. The gospel calls us to discipleship and contains the power to enable us to follow Christ.”138 Some evangelicals shared they had good experiences that their spirit was uplifted after they had joined the frontline evangelism ministry, such as doing an on campus evangelism or short term mission for a few weeks. So practicing evangelism should be highlighted as one of the disciple of spiritual formation and if a church emphasizes to her congregants to pursue spiritual formation, she should put the good emphasis to evangelism. “The only way for the church to carry out its calling to be Christ’s witness is to seek, in all humility and in total dependence upon God’s gracious enabling power, to incarnate the gospel of Jesus Christ. We are to be, to do and to say witness to the saviorhood and lordship of Jesus Christ as God’s good news for the world. To do this, the church must be continually converted from her reductions of the gospel to its fullness.”139 2. Evangelism should be set as the starting point of spiritual formation. Evangelism is to call people to repent, to reconcile with God (Upward), and meanwhile to “recall” how they came to Christ (Inward) – that is considered as one of the essences in the process of spiritual formation, how evangelicals imitate Christ. Hence, the relationship between evangelism and spiritual formation is, in terms of the progression, evangelism should be set as the starting point of spiritual formation, “Discipleship is now being conducted under different name, such as spiritual formation, mentoring, coaching, spiritual direction, and so on. Making a disciple has three dimensions. The first is deliverance, which is accomplished via evangelism when a person is reborn and baptized.” 140 And “The gospel is the power of God for the beginning, 138 139 Ibid., 31. Guder, Darrell L. The Continuing Conversion of the Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans Publ., 2000., 206. 140 W.B. Hull, Bill. The Disciple-Making Pastor, Leading Others on the Journey of Faith. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic Publ., 2007 Revised & Expanded., 13. Italic is the original script. 41 middle, and end of salvation. It is not merely what we need to proclaim to unbelievers; the gospel also needs to permeate our entire Christian experience.” 141 “The gospel must permeate any program of Christian spiritual formation. Returning to the cross in awareness of our sins, rebellion, and brokenness is the bedrock of spiritual formation.”142 From this viewpoint, people reconcile with the loving God through Jesus Christ is the greatest news evangelicals should never cease to proclaim. “The greatest thing we can ever do is to lead someone to a personal experience of salvation in Jesus Christ. This has profound implications for this life and for eternity.” 143 This greatest news of “personal experience of salvation in Jesus Christ” should not be reduced to just the instant moment of “salvation in Jesus Christ”, it should be considered as it is the beginning of their lives being transformed, spiritual formation should be taken place from that time on. Evangelicals can experience spiritual formation through the practice of evangelism, so that they may experience how God powerfully change people’s life. Evangelicals are urged to pursue spiritual formation, so as to support the practice of evangelism. If evangelicals want to practice evangelism well, they have to be honest to their true spirituality. They pursue the sanctified life and because of their transformed lives, they may testify the gospel they proclaim is true and real. Hence, if evangelicals are weak (both physical and Spiritual), an evangelism task will not be accomplished well. “Evangelism is essentially encouraging others to respond to the work of the Spirit in their lives. […] Evangelism then includes spiritual direction, helping others discern and be attentive to the prompting and direction of God, the rhythms of grace in their lives. 141 Wilhoit, James C. Spiritual Formation as if the Church Mattered. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic Publ., 2008., 29. 142 143 Ibid., 27. Sanchez,Daniel R. & Gonzalez, Rudolph. Sharing the Good News with Roman Catholic Friends. Cumming, Georgia: Church Starting Network. 2003., viii. Italic is the original script. 42 Rather than telling them what they should do and experience, we walk beside them, asking them they are experiencing and helping them make sense of what is happening.”144 The Ethics and Culture of this Evangelism Training. 1. The ethics of this Evangelism Training. Since this evangelism training will involve the action to “inform, influence, convince, and invite” to those people they met, such as their friends, relatives and working colleagues, what ethical implications needed to be considered in this process? According to R. McQuilkin’s description on ethics, “Ethics might be called a system of moral values and duties. It has to do with ideal human character, actions, and ends. What ought a person do or refrain from doing? What attitudes and behavior should be viewed as good? And why should they be considered good? What is the highest good, ‘the chief end of man,’ the purpose of human existence?”145 First of all, evangelicals accept: “Biblical materials promote moral agency and address the major dimensions of the Christian moral life. It is an unrelenting assumption of biblical materials that we are morally responsible for the world of which we are a part, and that this responsibility is learned in the communities to which we belong. […] to be human is, biblically speaking, to be morally responsible, with and before God.”146 These authors had the explanation on the “Moral agency”: “For the moment, moral agency is simply a way to name that which is necessary to make sense of ourselves as creatures who act “morally”. It is a tag for describing human experience, and especially human action, from a moral point of view. It means we are 144 Smith, Gordon T, Beginning Well. Downers Grove, IL: InterVaristy Press, 2001., 230. Italic is the original script. 145 McQuilkin, Robertson. An Introduction to Biblical Ethics. Wheaton, ILL.: Tyndale House Publ., Inc. 1989., 9. 146 Birch, Bruce C. & Rasmussen, Larry L. Bible & Ethics in the Christian life. Minn., MN.: Augsburg Fortress, 1989., 189. 43 those kinds of creatures who are able to perceive various courses of action, weigh them with a view to various considerations, choose among the actions on the basis of the considerations, and act on the choices. It also means we can be held accountable for our choices and actions. ‘Agency’ encompasses both character and conduct, both our moral “being” and our moral “doing”. 147 Evangelicals have the conviction the Bible is the revelation by the only true God of His will for human behavior. Everything they do should be accountable to God, and according to His will. God is the creator of this universe and Grenz had the below saying under his sub-title, “Trinitarian ethics”: “Because God is the social Trinity, a plurality in unity, the ideal for humankind does not focus on solitary persons, but on persons-in-community. God intends that we reflect his nature in our lives. This is only possible, however, as we move out of our isolation and into relationships with others. The ethical life, therefore, is the life-in-relationship, or the life-in-community. The doctrine of the Trinity states further that the essence of God is love. Consequently, love stands as the ideal and the standard for human life as well.” 148 If Grenz’s point was acknowledged and “For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have everlasting life.”149 That is the great love message from God and evangelicals should tell this world about His love if that is God’s will. Paul wrote the book of Romans, he responded to God, “I am a debtor both to Greeks and to barbarians, both to wise and to unwise. So, as much as is in me, I am ready to preach the gospel to you who are in Rome also.” 150 Biblical teaching is timeless truth. If evangelicals admit they owe the “gospel debt” to other people like Paul, then on the contrary, it would not be moral if they don’t tell this love message – “For God so loved the world…” 147 Birch, Bruce C. & Rasmussen, Larry L. Bible & Ethics in the Christian life. Minn., MN.: Augsburg Fortress, 1989., 40. 148 Grenz, Stanley J. Theology for the Community of God. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2000., 76. 149 John 3:16 NKJV 150 Romans 1:14-15 NKJV. 44 If evangelicals agree “[proselytizing] is good because it is essential to the dignity of the proselytizer, and all human beings are proselytizers,” and “[it] is in the nature of a human being to proselytize.”151, then it is natural for us to proselytize. For example, one may eagerly tell his or her friends of an excellent and decent restaurant he or she has recently visited. He or she proselytizes not because the restaurant has given them any incentive to do so. They are proselytizing out of their own heart. This is the point as what E.J. Thiessen stated: “We like to argue. We like to persuade others of our point of view. We like to proselytize. On issues very dear to our hearts, we want others to be like us, to share what has given us meaning and purpose in living. But arguing, persuading, and proselytizing involve more than one person. So proselytizing is in part an expression of our social/political nature. […] Proselytizing is central to our makeup. It is also central to our dignity as human beings. As such, it must be good.”152 Sharing the gospel to other people is also out of a evangelicals’ compassion. It is especially important when evangelicals realize somehow, evangelism calls people to believe something that is not commonly thought of, and to think differently about the world, about their own beings. In other words, we are “to abandon false claims about the world and about themselves and to embrace good truth (or news) about God and about themselves.” 153 So, “[indeed], we have a moral obligation to proselytize if we feel we have discovered truth that is important to the other.”154 Based on the above saying, doing evangelism should be considered as moral. 151 Thiessen, Elmer John. The Ethics of Evangelism. Downers Grove, ILL.: IVP, 2011., 142 and 143. Italic is the original script. 152 Ibid.,143. 153 Sunquist, Scott W. Understanding Christian Mission. Grand Rapids, MI., Baker Academic 2013., 316. 154 Thiessen, Elmer John. The Ethics of Evangelism. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 2011. , 152. 45 This evangelism training required participants to go out to practice evangelism. Would this chosen evangelism methods ethical? And would it be ethical to “press” people to go out to do evangelism, especially to those who are timid? According to the below description, it tells the difference between ethics and morals: “Ethics and morals relate to “right” and “wrong” conduct. While they are sometimes used interchangeably, they are different: ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in workplaces or principles in religions. Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong.”155 When evangelicals “promulgate the good news” to any person in any place, the evangelism methods they use should not violate the civic law in the first place. “Is it ethical for them to do that?” There is no law to prohibit people talking in the public place such as on the streets. Participants were not doing the wrong thing because they were neither soliciting nor bringing disturbance (or hard-selling something) to people while they share the gospel. Obviously if there is any hidden immoral string attached, crooked motives or ingredients, and/or involving personal interests in the evangelism methods, it is not ethical to do it, regardless of the chosen method itself is ethical. It is reasonable to say if evangelicals are moved by God to do evangelism and they carry the pure heart to execute the task, it is nothing wrong in this action. Because of there are no immoral involved both in the methods and in the participating persons, therefore it is ethical to do evangelism to all people. However, Elmer Thiessen gave good guidelines on teaching evangelicals how to distinguish what is ethical, and what is unethical in 155 Diffen, Ethics vs. Morals Date accessed: May 26, 2016. http://www.diffen.com/difference/Ethics_vs_Morals Letters in Bold is the original. 46 doing evangelism. 156. One thing to emphasis is that all evangelism methods we used are not “tempting” or pushing people to be converted to Christian faith; it is just the sharing of the gospel to the people with the plain illustration of telling them the truth by the legitimate methods such as sending them the gospel tract – providing them the spiritual, healthy life information, kind and friendly conversation (friendship evangelism) – stress the importance of developing honest friendships with other people and spending time together (the relationship established will be an important source of encouragement, learning, and accountability), and etc. Trust the Holy Spirit to guide evangelicals to practice right ethics of evangelism at the right time with the right motive and right attitude. If evangelicals know that “People are the objects of divine love.”157; and “Our motive for sharing Christ should start with God, not with either believers or those apart from Christ.”158 Then, what they do is essentially based on love, and God is love. Love is one of God’s moral attributes. Mankind is created in the image of God and mankind is the moral creatures and thus mankind is born with a sense of morality. Because of what they do in evangelism is based on love, therefore having God’s love will help them to refrain from doing things that were unethical to them. 2. The ethnic background of this Evangelism Training. Are there any cultural issues that Chinese, the ethnic group, should be aware of within the Western context in Canada, or Calgary in particular? Elmer Thiessen’s book, The Ethics of Evangelism. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 2011. Appendix 1: Summary of 15 Criteria to Distinguish Between Ethical and Unethical Proselytizing. Below are the headings of his 15 criterion: (1) Dignity. (2) Care. (3) Physical coercion. (4) Psychological coercion. (5) Social coercion. (6) Inducement. (7) Rationality. (8) Truthfulness. (9) Humility. (10) Tolerance. (11) Motivation. (12) Identity. (13) Cultural sensitivity. (14) Results and (15) Golden Rule. , 234-237. 156 157 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009. , 42. 158 Ibid., 35. 47 “Ethnic sensitivity was most popular in the late 1980s and 1990s, as socioecomic reform movements reshaped ministries.”159 So, attention to the culture of different ethnic groups has to be addressed. Chinese people have a long history of migrating to different places all over the world. Even in a small, unknown corner of the world, one may often find some Chinese people doing some sort of business. Stories that go along the line of, “My great grandfather was born in China, my grandfather was born in Vietnam, my father was born in Macau, I was born in Hong Kong and my sister was born in Canada” are not too uncommon. These stories tell us some Chinese people do not necessarily have a true homeland. Therefore, to tell Chinese people God promised to prepare a permanent home in the heaven for them is a perfect hope to the Chinese culture. Chinese people have the tendency to try to integrate well into the society they live in, therefore it is usually not a problem for them to adapt accordingly. As far as Canada is concerned, Canada is a modern country that actively promotes multiculturalism. When Chinese people immigrate to Canada, they have prepared to adapt to Western culture and its value system. They also need to face both the pace of change and the scope of change. According to Wan’s observation: “Modern people’s ontological security collapsed. Ontological security comes from the basic trust, and this basic trust was built along from their beginning childhood growth and development---from their encounter of other human beings and events. They believe in this Cosmo there is the trustable order and principles they can rely on. Because they have this ontological security, therefore they can plan their future and have hope in their future planning---the colonization of the future. However, under the big wheel of reflexive modernization, modern people’s ontological security was broken. That is their existential 159 Bandy, Thomas. See, Know & Serve: The people Within Your Reach. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2013., 19. 48 anxiety – how to face the immediate tomorrow, modern people need to stand ‘the uncertainty of tomorrow’ and ‘what ought to do in the uncertainty of tomorrow’. ”160 Because of that, Western culture should be more easily adapted by Chinese immigrants, especially in the initial stage of their immigrant days – to help them to speed up to get out of the “existential anxiety”. The sharing of the gospel – God’s love to these people at this particular transition period – would be an immediate relief to them. Since the target group of people is mainly Cantonese speaking Chinese immigrants from Hong Kong, is there any ethnic sensitivity to which we need to be sensitive? As Hong Kong was a colony of Great Britain up until 1997, these immigrants were raised up under the influence of Western (British) culture. People in Hong Kong received the British way of education, and most of them – especially those born before 1990 – adapted and even felt comfortable with mixing Chinese and British tradition in their culture. Based on their unique experience, they have learned to respect other cultures, and can easily cope with Canadian’s multicultural society well. Therefore, in general, there should be not much concern with regards to ethnic sensitivity. However, Chinese people, in general, are pantheists. They worship many kinds of idols. Chinese people are also proud of the fact they have over five thousand years of recorded civilization history. When evangelicals share the gospel to them – that God has a divine plan for them; Jesus Christ is their personal savior – and often on the spur of the moment, it is easy for some Chinese people to say, “Why should we believe in a western God? We have over five thousand years of civilization, and we have our own gods to protect us! We are not criminals. 160 Wan, Milton. Christianity and the Modernization of China. Scarborough, ON.: Christian Communication Inc. of Canada Publ., 2007. , 73. This is the Chinese book. Content in English was the translation by this writer. 49 We are a nation of high moral standards. Why would you call us ‘sinners’?” Chinese nationalism and cultural pride would be big barriers they needed to pay attention to it. At the same time, some Chinese may wonder, “Which God is you talking about?” In Chinese culture, they have thousands of gods. Even though they are convinced there is a God exists, they may still challenge why they should go for this God in particular. Take caution to this cultural difference of having a totally different mindset or concept of God, but yet, the fact Jesus Christ is True God, the Lord and personal savior should be carefully addressed. As a matter of fact, this “God-concept crisis” can be turned into an opportunity, to provide a platform and a topic that naturally lead to further the conversation – who is this True and Only God? The traditional, cultural Buddhism background of many Chinese people should be carefully handled. Therefore, it is extremely important when Chinese evangelicals share their faith, it is crucial they do not laugh, comment or criticize Buddhist beliefs. This researcher agrees with the following observation: “Evangelism is inescapably contextual. Just as all Christianity is contextual, the culture of the practitioner shapes the practice of evangelism and the culture of those evangelized determines the nature of the relationship and the practice. Evangelism, in other words, engages the Christian community in a complex inter-relational dynamic in both intra- and cross-cultural experience of evangel-sharing.”161 The Methodology and Participants’ Learning of this Evangelism Training. Evangelism is a task appointed to all God’s people, and it is the task of communicating a message from God to all sinners. Christ’s love motivates evangelicals to share the gospel to others for “There are, in fact, two motives that should spur us constantly to evangelize. The first Chilcote, Paul W. & Warner, Laceye C. Editor, “The Study of Evangelism – Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church”. Grand Rapids, MI:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2008. , xxvi 161 50 is love to God and concern His glory; the second is love to man and concern for his welfare.” 162 What is the basic methodology of this evangelism training and would they learn to do evangelism? 1. The Methodology of this Evangelism Training. G Hunter mentioned four objectives in the communication of Christianity into four words, namely, to “Inform, Influence, Convince and Invite. And these four words are the communication elements in evangelism.”163 “Inform, influence, and convince” requires good persuasive power – by the Holy Spirit; and “invite” requires the warm, sincere, and love-felt character – by passionate evangelicals with a good relationship with the loving God. In other words, “Evangelism involves both reasoning and relationship, both the mind and the heart.” 164 And “Technically speaking, ‘evangelism’ is the practice or study of telling the good news.”165 But the general concern is, “How do evangelicals know what information is to be told with confidence; and how this invitation is to be offered with boldness?” Evangelism training may be the clue to these questions. Various evangelism trainings were introduced to make this task to be done properly and effectively. The strategy of the personal evangelism training by this researcher would be the integration of lectures and real time practice – outreaching to do evangelism. Meanwhile, this evangelism training emphasized sending them two-by-two to go out to practice 162 Packer, J.I. Evangelism and the Sovereignty of God. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1961., 73. 163 Hunter, George G., How to Reach Secular People. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press Publ., 1992. , 35. The brief elaboration of his four words is 1. Inform people of the story of Jesus, the good news, its claims, and its offer. 2. Influence people to a positive attitude towards gospel. (By their transformed lives). 3. Convince people of Christianity’s faith, or at least its plausibility. (By reasoning from the Scripture and by their common sense apologetics.) 4. Invite people to adopt this faith and join the messianic community and follow Jesus as Lord. 164 Sunquist, Scott W. Understanding Christian Mission. Grand Rapids, MI., Baker Academic 2013, 313. 165 Ibid. , 314. 51 evangelism. Sending disciples two-by-two to share the gospel was the strategy Jesus used to do evangelism. 166 Participants could get the mutual support and encouragement from each other by going out two-by-two to practice evangelism. 2. Participants’ Learning. The schedule of this training program took over three consecutive weekends; with each evangelism training session taking up one day. The target participants were adult evangelicals. Since the training was conducted in Cantonese, we would not include Canadian born Chinese, as their Chinese language ability were limited. There is no doubt “no single or combined use of teaching methods guarantees that learning will occur.” 167 However, if there is no teaching, people will not learn much. “According to Malcom Knowles, a pioneer in the study of adult learning observed that adults learn best ‘when they understand why something is important to know or do’ and ‘[the] process is positive and encouraging’.”168 This evangelism training course will teach them (the teaching method used is by “lecture”169 ) to “understand why something (how to share the gospel to non-believers) is important to know or do.” Adults like to learn something practical and interesting to them – they enjoy “positive and encouraging” processes. If adults have both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to learn, they will eager to learn and prefer “change” through the learning. 166 Luke 10:1-3. NKJV 167 Busby, Daryl. Dare to Teach: A Toolkit of Teaching Methods, Transforming Adult Learners. Langeley, B.C.: Canadian Baptist Seminary. 2013., 5. 168 Data from the Web site http://adulted.about.com/od/teachers/a/teachingadults.htm date visited: 12-212011. It was under the topic of “Five principles of teaching adults---Teaching Adult learners” by Deb Peterson. 169 Busby, Daryl. Dare to Teach: A Toolkit of Teaching Methods, Transforming Adult Learners. Langeley, B.C.: Canadian Baptist Seminary. 2013., 15. Busby listed 8 teaching methods under his “Tool Box of Selected Teaching Methods” and “Lecture” is his first teaching method. The other seven methods are Asking Questions and Discussion Groups, Debate and Panel, Case Study, Role Play, Visual Arts and Music, Experiential Learning: Field Trips or Short Term Mission Trip, and Online Blog and Forums. 52 “Learning has been defined by many as ‘a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of practice’ (Hilgard and Atkinson, 1967, ed., p270) and definitions, such as this one, have reflected the behavior practices in education whereby the teacher sets the learning objectives, operationalizes the teaching plan and expects the learner to have acquired precisely what the teacher determines by the end of the session.” 170 Furthermore, “…education is growth. By this he meant that life itself is a process in which human beings develop and grow because it is a process of having new experiences, new learning and continuous transformation of experiences and system of meaning […] at the heart of growth lies certain forms of learning – learning that is reflective, learning that is encouraging human autonomy and responsibility in thought and action. Indeed, learning from experiences of living is at the very foundation of growth.”171 If lecturers want learners to learn, they cannot do things according to their feelings, or to do whatever they want to do. As Chambers said, “If we do only what we feel inclined to do, some of us would do nothing forever and ever”172; they never do and never learn. “But there is no growth, there is no development, there is no learning…without tension. Tension is absolutely indispensable to the process. To be sure, too much tension leads to frustration, stress, anxiety. But too little tension produces apathy.” 173 The teaching strategy of this training program would base on these ideas. Adults learn best when they have control over their learning. And certainly, to have positive tension – from going out to do the evangelism – should create healthy tension for participants to learn. 170 Jarvis, Peter & Walters, Nicholas. Editors. Adult Education and Theological Interpretations. Malabar, FL., Krieger Publishing Co., 1992., 3 171 Ibid., 11. 172 Chambers, Oswald. My utmost for His Highest. London: Marshell, Morgan & Scott Publ., 1980. , 83. 173 Hendricks, Howard. Teaching to Change Lives. Colorado Springs, CO.: Multnomah Books. 1987., 41. Italic is the original script. In this book, it gave “Seven proven ways to make your teaching come alive.” These seven teaching ways were very useful and practical. By adopting these seven ways in this evangelism training program should yield a better teaching result. The seven ways were 1. The law of the teacher. 2. The law of education. 3. The law of activity. 4. The law of communication. 5. The law of the heart. 6. The law of encouragement. 7. The law of readiness. 53 A practicum is a unique learning opportunity that allows people to apply classroom learning in a community-based setting. According to the description of practicum below: “A practicum is an educational opportunity based in “learning by doing.” It allows you to learn through participation in substantial ministry responsibilities. A practicum takes advantage of the unique match of the learning environment (e.g. a church) and the learning objectives (e.g. ministry training).”174 So it is reasonable to say people learn more if there is practicum. Therefore, many university programs offer internship as part of their degrees. In this evangelism training course, participants were required to go out to share gospel to all people, whether it was their neighbors, friends, working colleagues, door to door visitations, or people in malls. Because of this random outreaching, the result of this outreaching activity would be unpredictable, so it might frustrate participants, and even might make them feel like it was a failure. However, “[failure] is a necessary part of the learning process.” 175 Participants are arranged in groups to go out to the field to do evangelism as a part of every training session; “The best training comes from going with another believer who shares his faith regularly to watch and learn.” 176 D Busby named this teaching method as “Experiential Learning: Field Trips or Short Term Mission Trips.” 177 This researcher especially designed a debriefing session right after each gospel outreach, hoping to help them to learn something out of this gospel outreach event. This section was called “Case Study & Testimony Sharing (Immediate discussion to the case and any difficulties they have just undergone)”. That was what D Busby referred to as one of “The Perils” in the chapter Antioch School of church planting and Leadership Development, “Practicum Manuel”. Date accesses: May 27, 2016. http://antiochschool.edu/download/manuals/practicumManual.pdf 174 175 Hendricks, Howard. Teaching to Change Lives. Colorado Springs, CO.: Multnomah Books. 1987. , 50. 176 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009. , 249. 177 Busby, Daryl. Dare to Teach: A Toolkit of Teaching Methods, Transforming Adult Learners. Langeley, B.C.: Canadian Baptist Seminary. 2013., 24. 54 Experiential Learning: Field Trips or Short Term Mission Trips in his book Dare to Teach, “The importance of debriefing must be emphasized, but time constraints (e.g. “the bus is waiting we need to go!”) can cut short the reflection. Sometimes participants are less inclined to share after the experience has ended, especially after a week or so”178 Each training session consisted of lectures in the morning to teach theories, followed by going out to practice evangelism in the afternoon. The integration of teaching evangelism in theory and in action was purposely designed for participants. “The educational preferences most relevant for church planting can be grouped into three categories: form, content, and relationship. The form of education may be curricular and experiential. The content of education may be biblical or topical. The relationship of education may be generational or peer group.” 179 We grouped people to learn by shared enthusiasm in sharing the gospel. Through this, we try to help participants to learn more effectively to see whether this evangelism training would help them to share their faith boldly and with confidence. This researcher is well aware that: “The theory of adult learning is andragory, defined by Knowles (1980) as ‘the art and science of helping adults learn’. It is based upon five assumptions, all of which are characteristics of adult learners: 1. As a person matures his or her self-concept moves from that as a dependent personality towards one of a self-directing human being. 2. An adult accumulates a growing reservoir of experience, which is a rich resource for learning. 3. The readiness of an adult to learn is closely related to the developmental tasks of his or her social role. 178 Busby, Daryl. Dare to Teach: A Toolkit of Teaching Methods, Transforming Adult Learners. Langeley, B.C.: Canadian Baptist Seminary. 2013., 24. 179 Bandy, Thomas. See, Know & Serve: The people Within Your Reach. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2013., 150. 55 4. There is a change in time perspective as people mature---from future application of knowledge to immediacy of application. Thus an adult is more problem-centered than subject-centered in learning. (Knowles, 1980, pp. 44-45) 5. Adults are motivated to learn by internal factors rather than external ones (Knowles, 1984, p.12)”180 Therefore, the design of this three-weekend training course would embrace these characteristics of adult learners, so they can be trained accordingly to evangelize the nonbelievers. Chapter Conclusion This chapter reviewed various definitions of evangelism. Some definitions emphasis evangelism requiring action, some focus on evangelism’s content, others on the attitudes and motivation of an evangelist, some on its comprehensive coverage including the social aspect, and some on methods used and the role of the Holy Spirit to transmit that message. As might be expected, regardless of the different emphasize among these definitions, the basic line is that, evangelicals should agree sharing gospel is the command from God. Receiving God’s command means immediate action is required and expected. The main gospel content is Jesus Christ and the power to share the gospel is from the Holy Spirit. The holistic evangelism work should be “two in one” – not only care about people’s spiritual emptiness, but also concern their physical needs. “To us the major conditions of true evangelism, and therefore of the evangelization of the world, are a recovery of confidence both in the truth of God’s Word and in the power of God’s Spirit.”181 180 Merriam, Sharan B. & Caffarella, Rosemary S., Learning in Adulthood. A Comprehensive Guide. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publ., 1991., 249. John Stott, “The Significance of Lausanne,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 312. 56 181 Witnessing is a lifelong practice and evangelicals should prepare there is always a need to practice evangelism – that is their daily life witnessing, regardless of seasons and places. “Indeed, the primary means of evangelism, he claimed, is the witness of authentic Christian lives; evangelism is the mission of the whole people of God.”182 Hence, how they witness God in their whole life is much related to the integrity of their character. Pursue the sanctified life and let love compel them to witness God. Along the lifelong journey, they need to build up relationship with the people they meet. Authentic Christian life attracts people to have relationship with them. M Green said: “In my own evangelism, I have found that people do not object to a loving, clear, uncompromising and well attested presentation. They see the point of entrusting their lives to Jesus Christ because they know that relationships are much more important than institutions. And once they recognize that authentic Christianity is not primarily an institution but a relationship they are, I find, often prepared to respond to the challenge to enter that relationship.” 183 Since this evangelism training involves actions and multi-approaching methods of “telling people about the good news”, this researcher also addressed the matter of ethics. Again, it is a command from God. Following the command of Christ may create tension at times. However, this researcher desires to know if this evangelism training will help participants to ease their tension if they feel uncomfortable, shy, or afraid to execute this command. Chilcote, Paul W. & Warner, Laceye C. Editor, “The Study of Evangelism – Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church”. Grand Rapids, MI:Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2008. , xxiii. 182 183 Green, Michael. Evangelism in the Early Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003 Revised Edition., 22. 57 “‘[mission] is not a program, but a habit.”184 If we consider mission is essentially same as evangelism, then we can also declare evangelism is simply not a program. “Evangelism is not about a program but about a person – Jesus Christ.”185 Therefore, the purpose of this training is not just another program to teach a person how to do evangelism, although it includes element of such, but to help them to recognize to evangelize (to let people know Jesus saves.) is part of their daily life. In other words, this training focuses on practical practice, and enable participants to share their faith naturally; with confidence and with least level of fear. Hence, the morning section of this evangelism training, would be mainly on the Biblical teachings on evangelism and its techniques, Participants taking lunch together serves the purpose of letting them to have fellowship time, build up the relationship so that when they are grouped as partners to go out to do evangelism in the afternoon, they have better mutual understanding among one another. “Words and actions are like two wings of an airplane, and you won’t catch flight in witness with just one or the other.”186 Evangelicals need faith as the fuel for this airplane to fly. “It may not come naturally to us, but with the supernatural help of the Holy Spirit it can become a much more “natural” part of our lives.” 187 With God’s compelling love188, and “[the] church is fundamentally and primarily motivated to engage in the ministry of evangelism because of who God is, a Triune God of suffering love. The very nature of God shapes the people of God into a 184 Bandy, Thomas. See, Know & Serve: The people Within Your Reach. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press, 2013. , 8. Thomas Bandy also mentioned “Mission is not a subject, but an attitude. It is a disposition to bless people other than ourselves. It is the opposite of self-centeredness.” in the same ,. 185 Dawson, Scott, Evangelism Today, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2009. , 16. Choung, James. “It's Not Evangelism Until We Speak.” last modified January 21, 2014, accessed January 22, 2014, http://www.outreachmagazine.com/features/5632-it-s-not-evangelism-until-wespeak.html?p=1 186 Crosby , Robert. “Faith Talks: The Compassionate and Conversational Gospel.” last modified January 27, 2014, accessed January 28, 2014, http://www.outreachmagazine.com/features/5639-faith-talks-thecompassionate-and-conversational-gospel.html?p=1 Bold letters are the original script. 187 188 Refer to 2 Cor. 5:14-19 58 community that ever seeks to share the good news with others.”189 This researcher hypothesizes this evangelism training would help them to have ability to share the faith and with confidence. They were expected to be trained as the “gospel troops” to witness God throughout their lives. Finally, this researcher borrows George Barna’s words, “Whether a need exists today for evangelism is not really the issue. Whether we will be committed to a continual and relevant presentation of the gospel to those who are followers of Christ is the real challenge for us to accept.”190 J P Vaughn, “Evangelism: A Pastoral Theological Perspective,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W. Chilcote and Laceye C Warner (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 269. 189 George Barna, “Extraordinary Actions,” in The Complete Evangelism Guidebook, Ed. Scott Dawson, (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2008)., 53. 59 190 Chapter Three: Biblical and Theological Foundation. Introduction: Both the Old and New Testament provide different aspects about the gospel and the process of evangelism, but only some Biblical and theological foundation about evangelism would be studied in this chapter. Although throughout the whole New Testament, lots of Biblical and theological foundations on evangelism can be discovered and derived, this researcher would like to work on some basic Biblical evangelism principles from the teachings of Jesus in the Four Gospels and Acts. Although these evangelism principles were discussed separately, it should be noted that they were correlated. They should be treated as important cooperatively as they are individually when talking about evangelism. Biblical Evangelism “Theology is important because correct doctrinal beliefs are essential to the relationship between the believer and God.”191 Alvin Reid had summarized three points about the relationship between evangelism and theology, they were: “1. Evangelism and theology must be kept together to avoid extremism. 2. Theology and evangelism must remain linked because the Bible always weds theology with practical matters like evangelism. 3. People who have been used of God have generally kept theology and evangelism in unity.”192 191 192 Erickson, Millard. Christian theology 2nd edition Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1998. , 28. Reid, Alvin. Introduction to Evangelism. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman Publ., 1998., 8485. 60 Scott Dawson had the similar thought, “A biblical and relational approach to evangelism always includes a proper use and understanding of the Scriptures.” 193 Their observations towards this subject were true. According to the Acts of the Apostles, people had the opportunity to hear the gospel due to disciples practicing evangelism when they were scattered because of persecution. “On that day a great and severe persecution broke out against the church which was in Jerusalem; and they were all scattered throughout the regions of Judea and Samaria […] Now those who were scattered abroad went about (through the land from place to place) preaching the glad tidings, the Word (the doctrine concerning the attainment through Christ of salvation in the kingdom of God).”194 Hence, evangelicals doing personal evangelism in their own city is a vehicle to let people hear the gospel. There is no doubt that “[therefore] evangelism must have a Biblical basis and if it does not it is not likely to be Biblical evangelism.”195 The word “evangelism” is used in New Testament; however, doing evangelism, or proclaiming the gospel is not something new in the eternal plan of the Triune God. According to Paul’s self-perspective towards gospel, “Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle and set apart for the gospel of God— the gospel he promised beforehand through his prophets in the Holy Scriptures”196. Why did Paul link the gospel to the prophets in Holy Scripture in the beginning of his letter to Romans? It is because 193 Dawson, Scott, Evangelism Today, Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2009. , 26. 194 Acts 8:1-4 Amplified Bible Turnbull, Ralph G. (editor), Baker’s Handbook of Practical Theology. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Book House Publ. 1967. , 148. 195 196 Romans 1:1-2. NIV 61 “Throughout the letter he is at pains to demonstrate that the good news about Jesus Christ is rooted firmly in the soil of the Old Testament. The ‘prophets’ to which he refers are not just famous writing prophets, whose books are now found in the Old Testament,”197 Also, Luke recorded Jesus words after His resurrection, “Then He said to them, ‘These are the words which I spoke to you while I was still with you, that all things must be fulfilled which were written in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms concerning Me.’ And He opened their understanding, that they might comprehend the Scriptures.”198 At Luke’s time, New Testament had not been formed, so he must be referring to Old Testament. As Darrell Bock commented: “Note that the church has developed its understanding of the Old Testament from Jesus. His instruction regarding basic elements of divine promise is summarized by three verbs: ‘suffer’, ‘rise’, and ‘be preached’ (all infinitives in Greek). Jesus’ death and resurrection lead to an evangelistic commission for the disciples. All three of these stages are reflected in the Old Testament. The Christ, the Messiah, was to suffer (e.g. Pss. 22, 69; Isa. 52:1353:12) and to be raised (e.g. Pss. 16:8-10; 110:1), and the disciples must now engage in preaching to the nations ‘repentance and forgiveness of sins’, starting from Jerusalem (Luke sees texts like Isa. 40:3-5 and Amos 9:12 as fitting into this promise). Both the desired response (‘repentance’) and its effect (‘forgiveness’) are noted here. Repentance as rooted in the Old Testament is an important concept, since the Hebrew concept of repentance involves a ‘turning’.”199 The gospel is rooted in the Old Testament. If this research dissertation begins with the Old Testament, it will be too broad for this dissertation. Hence, the biblical and theological evangelism foundations to be discussed here are mainly concentrated from the view of the Four Gospels and Acts. The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology mentioned: 197 Moo, Douglas. The NIV Application Commentary (Romans). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 2000. , 36. 198 199 Luke 24:44-45 NJKV. Bock, Darrell L. The NIV Application Commentary (Luke). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 1996. , 621. 62 “The term mission – derived from the Latin verb, mission, meaning “send” – came into general use in its specifically Christian and theological sense only in the sixteenth century, when the Roman Catholic Jesuit order used the term to refer to the sending of its members to preach, instruct, serve, and win converts. The term “evangelism” by contrast, is based on Biblical vocabulary, specially the Greek terms evanggelion (‘gospel’), euanggelizo (‘preach good news’) and euanggelistes (‘one who preach good news’ or ‘evangelist’). In the Old Testament sense, as in the Septuagint version of Isaiah 52:7-10 euanggelizo evokes a powerful and dramatic image.”200 Hence, “The Greek word euangelion (gospel) means ‘good news.’ In fact, the same word is used for both the method (i.e. evangelism) and the message ( i.e the good news). In 1 Corinthians 15:1, Paul uses the word twice and back to back. Literally reading the sentence results in, “the good news we good “newsed” to you.” Before the New Testament was written, the term often referred to news such as the announcement of a military victory. In the New Testament, the term refers to the good news of the message proclaimed by Jesus. Mark may well have been the first person to use the term in this way (cf. Mk 1:1, 14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 14:9).”201 And “[the] verb ‘evangelize’ literally means to bear good news. In the noun form, it translates ‘gospel’ or ‘evangel’ […] the Hebrew term translated in the Septuagint by the same word appears in the writings of Isaiah: how beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that brings good news […]”202 Bock mentioned that, “The Gospel starts with a Promise” (with the Covenants (Abrahamic, Davidic and the New Covenant): God’s plan to restore Relationship and from John the Baptist and Luke’s recording in Luke 24:49, Acts 1:4-5, 2, 11:15-18, and 15:7-9), he drew a summary and said, “The golden thread we have traced reflects the message at the center 200 McDermott, Gerald R. Editor, The Oxford Handbook of Evangelical Theology. Oxford University Press. 2010. , 341. Klein, W W., Blomberg, C L., Hubbard, R L., “Introduction to Biblical Interpretation” Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Inc. Publ. 2004. Revised & Updated Edition. , 399. 201 202 Moreau, A. Scott (Editor) Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books Publ. 2000. , 341-342. 63 of the gospel. God has taken the initiative in Jesus Christ to bring us into relationship with Him. At the core of that good news stands a promise to form a new relationship and a new community.”203 The Urgency of Evangelism To evangelize to people is to proclaim the gospel. Evangelism announces that salvation has come. “Jesus came into Galilee, preaching the gospel of God, and saying, “The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is at hand; repent and believe in the gospel.” 204 Jesus Christ had clearly proclaimed “the time is fulfilled” in the beginning of His ministry, “‘The time has come’ the announcement of the kingdom at Jesus’ debut in Galilee is presented by Mark as the definitive moment of history. The dawn of salvation, which Paul speaks of as ‘the fullness of time’ (Gal. 4:4; Eph. 1:10), results from God’s providence and timing, kairos in Greek, which means the ‘critical or opportune moment’ (as opposed to progressive time).”205 And “Evangelism involves witnessing to what God has done, is doing, and will do.” 206 It is “now” – the immediate time to proclaim the gospel, for evangelism announces that Jesus Christ had entered human history, was crucified on the Cross to wash human sins away, and raised up from dead to bring people eternal hope and life. Thus, practicing evangelism is to do it according to His time. From the gospel according to John chapter four, nine and eleven, the time concept of Jesus Christ to do evangelism is not quite the same as the disciples. 1. John 4:31-38. Time for “ripe for harvest” overrides “time for food”. The disciples’ question was “Has anyone brought Him anything to eat?” (v.33) 203 Bock, Darrell L. Recovering the Real Lost Gospel. Reclaiming the Gospel as Good News. Nashville, TN: B & H Publing Group. 2010., 20. 204 Mark 1:14-15 NASB 205 Edwards, James R. The Gospel According to Mark (The Pillar New Testament Commentary). Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2002. , 47 206 Bosch, Davis J. Transforming Mission--- Paradigm Shifts in Theology of Mission. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books, 1991. , 412. 64 Jesus’ answer was “My food is to do the will of Him who sent Me, and to finish His work […] ‘It’s still four months until harvest’? I tell you, open your eyes and look at the fields! They are ripe for harvest.’” (v.35 NIV). Jesus’ response to people is always right and up to the point because God, the omniscient God read through people’s mind. “Consequently, in declaring ‘God is omniscient’ we are not intending to make a claim concerning God’s theoretical knowledge, but to affirm his perfect cognition of the world. God is cognizant of all things precisely because they are present to him immediate and as themselves.”207 If Jesus’ answer was irrelevant to the disciples’ question, there should be reasons or spiritual meanings behind it. His apparent irrelevant answers to disciples’ questions – the implication would be on the fact that God’s time in saving people’s lives is always immediate; that is, Jesus redirected His disciples to look at the time of “collecting the harvest”— sharing the gospel, is “now”, not something least important they can do it later, nor according to their time line. “It’s still four months until harvest” – some evangelicals may not realize the urgency to do evangelism is now, for their priority is to take care of their physical need. “Ironically, His own disciples missed the missional moment, thinking only of physical needs (4:27-28).”208 There is no urgency to do it because they think they still have some time (four months until harvest) to work on it. The narrative of this passage illustrates what is Jesus Christ’s primary concern, and telling His followers that it is the immediate time to “ripe for harvest” (spread the gospel now), rather than thinking it can be waited until their physical need (food to eat) is first fulfilled. 207 Grenz, Stanley J. Theology for the Community of God. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2000. , 92. 208 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009. , 64 65 2. John 9:1-5. Time to Work the Works of the Sending God is “Now”. The disciples’ question was “Rabbi, who sinned, this man or his parents that he was born blind?” Jesus’ answer was “Neither this man nor his parents sinned, but that the works of God should be revealed in him. I must work the works of Him who sent Me while it is day; the night is coming when no one can work. As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world.” Disciples raised the difficult question for Jesus to answer – “who sinned?’. What they concerned was a big theological study, Hamartiology. Jesus did not addressed their question of the nature of sin, but instead, He re-directed disciples to think of three areas they needed to think first when they passed by to meet this born blind beggar in the Temple. These three areas were “The works of God” (the works of God should be revealed in him), “To work the works of God” (work the works of Him who sent Me) and “To catch the time to work the works of God” (while it is day; the night is coming when no one can work.) From this passage, Jesus placed a time urgency of doing the works of God. According to The New Interpreter’s Bible comments: “Rather, the blind man’s initial narrative function is as the catalyst for the conversation between Jesus and his disciples in vv. 2-5.” 209 , so some implication may be drawn from their conversation on how Jesus responded to disciples’ query. The New Interpreter’s Bible further commented, “Jesus’ words in vv.3-5 turn the conversation away from the disciples’ conventional theodicy concerns. In the Fourth Gospel, ‘sin’ is not a moral category about behavior, but is a theological category about one’s response to the revelation of God in Jesus […] The man’s blindness, therefore, is not an occasion for reflection on sin and causality, but is an occasion with revelatory significance.” 210 Alexander, Neil M., Editorial Director. The New Interpreter’s Bible, Volume IX (Luke & John). Nash. TN: Abingdon Press 1995. , 653. 209 210 Ibid., 653. 66 Because “Jesus’ words in vv.3-5 turn the conversation away from the disciples’ conventional theodicy concerns.”, therefore, it should be reasonable to suggest Jesus Christ’s concern was to catch the time, or set the priority to do God’s work. (“I must work the works of Him who sent Me while it is day; the night is coming when no one can work.”) The disciples were reminded to carry the same vision to do God’s work now. “’The one who sent me’ is Jesus’ most frequent way of speaking about God in the Fourth Gospel […], and its use here affirms the disciples’ share in God’s work.”211 There was the urgency to do God’s work for in vv. 4, Jesus said, “the night is coming when no one can work”. Jesus wanted His disciples to have the time conscious to do God’s work immediately. Spending time on the theological issue of “who sinned” (for “who sinned” itself is a very broad theological theme to study) should not be the priority at the present time. By saying that is not necessarily undermined the value of the theological studies. Michael Green commented, “Most evangelists are not very interested in theology; most theologians are not very interested in evangelism. I am deeply committed to both” 212 and “[one] of the great needs of modern Church is for those who evangelize to improve their theological understanding, and for those who are theologically competent to come out of the ivory tower and evangelize.”213 When Jesus faced the blind man’s misery, He reminded the disciples should not simply be on a theological thinking or reflection towards his misery. They need passion and have time consciousness to help him out of his miserable life – that is, the gospel. Evangelicals should Alexander, Neil M., Editorial Director. The New Interpreter’s Bible, Volume IX (Luke & John). Nash. TN: Abingdon Press 1995. ,653. 211 212 Green, Michael. Evangelism in the Early Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 2003 Revised Edition., 7. 213 Ibid., 19. 67 understand why Jesus answered His disciples not according to their question asked, but instead, told them to have faith to see what Jesus want them to see – “Neither this man nor his parents sinned … I must work the works of Him who sent Me while it is day; the night is coming when no one can work.” From how Jesus’ answerer His disciples, there was the implication of Jesus wanting them to aware there was the urgency of evangelism, one of God’s important mission. 3. John 11:8—10 Conscious the Time to do God’s work rather than worrying about the life-threatening challenges. The Disciples’ question was “Rabbi, lately the Jews sought to stone You, and are You going there again?” Jesus’ answer was “Are there not twelve hours in the day? If anyone walks in the day, he does not stumble, because he sees the light of this world. But if one walks in the night, he stumbles, because the light is not in him.” The narrative of this passage illustrating Jesus Christ’s concern was He had to finish God’s work at God’s time, rather than worrying about His own earthly life, regardless of His life facing the life or death challenge ahead. “The true light was not totally removed when the time came for Jesus ‘to depart from this world to the Father’ (John 13:1), for it was then mediated through others; but Jesus is here concerned with the existing situation, which would not last more than a few months now.”214 Jesus Christ knew His time on earth will not be long especially when He openly declared “When He had called the people to Himself, with His disciples also, He said to them, “Whoever desires to come after Me, let him deny himself, and take up his cross, and follow Me. For whoever desires to save his life will lose it, but whoever loses his life for My sake and the 214 Bruce, F F. The Gospel & Epistles of John. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans 1983. , 209. 68 gospel’s will save it. For what will it profit a man if he gains the whole world, and loses his own soul? Or what will a man give in exchange for his soul?”215 As the time is limited, “Just as the time for Jesus work is limited, so also the time for them to move from darkness to the light of Jesus is limited.”216, Jesus Christ tried to remind His disciples there were many life uncertainties ahead, and may be even some known or unknown dangers that may threaten their life in the near future. If evangelicals have the same awareness and realize they have limited time to do things, they should have a deep thought and re-evaluate what is the priority work they should accomplish that worthy to God’s calling. Though it is understood that their primary calling is to “do all to the glory of God” (“Therefore, whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God.”217, they should still get the hint from why Jesus talked in that way and reconsidered they should save time to save souls as one of the duties and responsibilities that evangelicals need to be accomplished. 4. Summary of these three Biblical passages according to John. From these three Biblical passages as recorded by John, he wanted to tell readers that the concepts of God’s timing in doing evangelism are: Firstly, the time to do evangelism is always “now”. God’s timing is not necessarily their timing – the urgency of doing evangelism is not according to their time frame. Secondly, evangelicals should have passion and time-sensitive to do evangelism – watch out when is the best timing to care for people when they do evangelism. 215 Mark 8:34-37 NJKV. 216 Alexander, Neil M., Editorial Director. The New Interpreter’s Bible, Volume IX (Luke & John). Nash. TN: Abingdon Press 1995. , 686. 217 1 Corinthian 10:31 NKJV 69 Lastly, always to think about best use of their time to do God’s work before their life comes to an end. “[…] Be ready in season and out of season. Convince, rebuke, exhort, with all longsuffering and teaching. For the time will come when they will not endure sound doctrine,”218 Evangelicals should carry the concept of value of treating God’s assignment in evangelism is the most worthwhile work to them. Hence, it does need their “kairos” response. “The arrival of God’s kairos demands a change in thinking. The new and unparalleled possibility presented to humanity in the gospel calls for a unique response.”219 If evangelicals sense the time to do evangelism is running short, and because of this urgent time-conscious feeling, this intrinsic push inside from their hearts may help them to speed up their steps to do evangelism. The Five Commissioning Texts of Evangelism from Jesus’ Charges It is not unusual to find a same instance recorded in all four gospels. Grouping the narrative on the same subject together would help us to obtain the full picture of that subject. Klein, Blomberg, and Hubbard said: “Because many narratives of the teachings and actions of Jesus occur in more than one Gospel, the serious student should consult a synopsis or harmony of the Gospels that prints parallel accounts in parallel columns. Then the student can read and think horizontally – across the page – and compare the ways in which the different Gospel writers treat a certain passage. Often the distinctive emphases of a given Evangelist appear most clearly in those portions of an episode that he alone has chosen to record. The student should apply this procedure to individual passages, to major sections of narrative, and to the Gospels as complete units.”220 218 2 Timonty 4:2-3 NKJV. 219 Edwards, James R. The Pillar New Testament Commentary: The Gospel According to Mark. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2002. , 47. Klein, W W., Blomberg, C L., Hubbard, R L., “Introduction to Biblical Interpretation” Nashville, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson Inc. Publ. 2004. Revised & Updated Edition., 403. Words in Italic were the original. 220 70 Thus, the following is the study of the five commissioning texts of evangelism as recorded at the end of the Four Gospels, and plus the beginning of Acts, that Jesus gave His end charges to His disciples after His resurrection. These five commissioning texts have provided straight forward instructions, and sufficient in their clarity, as a strong Biblical rationale for evangelism, namely: Matthew 28: 18-20 (Action – Go!) Mark 16:14-20 (Humanity Life Ultimate Destination – saved or condemned.) Luke 24: 44-49 (The core gospel content – to repent and to be forgiven.) John 20: 19-23 (Disciples are the “photo-copy” of Jesus’ mission – God sent Jesus into the world, disciples were sent by Jesus into the world.) Acts 1:8 (Power to Witness wherever you go.) The Four Gospels used four different angles to describe the life and mission of Jesus Christ; namely, Matthew: Christ as the King; Mark: Christ as the suffering servant; Luke: Christ as the Son of Man and John: Christ as the Son of God.221 Moreover, “Once again, a comparison of the three Synoptic Gospels is illuminating. Luke summarizes the content of Jesus’ proclamation as ‘repentance towards the forgiveness of sins’ (24:47); Mark calls it the euangelion (13:10, 14:9); and Matthew refers to ‘that which [Jesus] has commanded.’” 222 Based on this theological distinctive of these four gospel books, these authors captured different commissioning text Jesus charged to His disciples before He ascended to Heaven. The consolidation of these five charges (Matthew 28:19-20; Mark 16:16; Luke 24:46; John 20:21 and Acts 1:8) forms the beautiful portraits or the multifaceted images of what Christ would draw about evangelism. 221 Ma, Denny. New Testament Survey. Taiwan Chinese Christian Mission Publ. 1997. P.44. (Chinese Book) Original script is in Chinese language, English translation was done by this researcher. 222 Chilcote, Paul W. & Warner, Laceye C., Editors. The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publ., 2008., 83. Italic is the original. 71 1. Matthew 28:18-20 Christ as the King commanded disciples: Action – “To go…” Michael Wilkins described the structure of the Great Commission in his Matthew commentary, “The Great Commission contains one primary, central command, the imperative ‘make disciples’, with three subordinate participles, ‘go’, ‘baptizing’, and ‘teaching’. The imperative explains the central thrust of the commission while the participles describe aspects of the process. These subordinate participles take on imperatival force because of the imperative main verb and so characterize the ongoing mandatory process of discipleship to Jesus.”223 According to the Great Commission, “make disciples” is the key term and its contents (or undergoing the process) are: go, baptizing and teaching. That implies evangelism and discipleship is inseparable. Discipleship starts from go (evangelism) and completes with teaching (spiritual formation). Ronald Sider said, “Jesus will not be our savior if we reject him as our Lord. Too often Christians (especially evangelical Protestants in this century) have proclaimed a cheap grace that offers the forgiveness of the gospel without the discipleship demands of the gospel. But that is not Jesus’ gospel. Right at the heart of the gospel is the call to a radical discipleship which makes Jesus Lord of one’s entire life.” 224 Bill Hull emphasized evangelism was vital in discipleship, “Evangelism is vital to making disciples. Far too many people called themselves disciples but do not share their faith. Far too many churches claim they believe and practice disciples making, yet there is not training or accountability towards personal evangelism.”225 223 Wilkins, Michael J. The NIV Application Commentary (Matthew). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 2004., 951. Ronald J. Sider, “Evangelism, Salvation, and Social Justice.” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W. Chilcote and Laceye C Warner (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 191. 224 225 Hull, Bill. The Disciple-Making Pastor. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books Publ., 1988, 2007. Revised and Expanded Edition., 89. 72 Even though this researcher attempts to spell out the importance of discipleship with evangelicals practicing evangelism, this research paper is not intended to study the in-depth relationship between evangelism and discipleship, so this sub-topic will be skipped. As W. Brueggemann said, “It is right to conclude, in my judgment, that the God who calls is the God of discipleship, the one who calls people to follow, to obey, to participate in his passion and mission.”226 And also, “The God who calls is the God who sends. This God sends because God has compelling authority to issue imperatives that anticipate ready acceptance, and God has a compelling passion for what is to be effected and enacted in the world that this God governs.”227 Return to the sub-title of this section, “Matthew 28:18-20, Christ as the King, commanded disciples: Action – “To go…”, the subordinate participles, ‘go’. M Wilkins commented, “Approximately ten days after the resurrection, the eleven disciples arrive in Galilee to meet with Jesus as he and the angel instructed them (28; 7, 10) Thus ‘Galilee of the Gentiles’, an expression laden implicitly with importance at the beginning of Matthew’s narrative of Jesus’ ministry (4:15-16), comes to explicit fulfillment as the gospel will go to all nation (28:19).”228 “The gospel will go to all nation.” and this is the word of action, “go”. So evangelism requires action, and this action is commanded by Jesus Christ, the coming King, as declared in Matthew 28:19-20. And this action, “go” is not by no authority from no one. “This authority, as emphasized by the (divine) passive voice, ‘has been given’ to him by the Father. The Son of God is the mediatorial King through whom all of God’s authority Walter Brueggemann, “Evangelism and Discipleship,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church. ed. Paul W Chilcote, and Laceye C Warner, (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publ., 2008), 222. Italic was added. 226 227 228 Ibid., 222. Wilkins, Michael J. The NIV Application Commentary (Matthew). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 2004., 947. 73 is mediated … The particularism of the gospel message restricted to Israel during his earthly mission is fulfilled and lifted, as he now authoritatively directs his disciples to a universal mission.”229 Evangelicals should be able to share the gospel to all nations boldly if they acknowledge they have obtained the highest authority from their Lord, Jesus Christ. As M Wilkins said, “Therefore go. The first participle that modifies the command to make disciples is ‘go’. Because Jesus now exercises universal authority, ‘therefore’ his disciples must go out and engage in the universal mission to make disciples of all nations. And because of that authority, they have the utmost confidence that he is sovereignty in control of all universal forces.”230 He then concluded that, “This wonderful promise of Jesus’ continual presence invites us as readers into the story. This should not evoke fear or a guilty conscience; rather, it should spur all his disciples on to proclaim the good news of the presence of the kingdom of God in our lives.” 231 Matthew used the angle of a King to describe Jesus’ ministry on earth, this command “go”, was ordered by Jesus, King of the Kings. If “All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth”, no one should offend the King’s command, GO. If evangelicals view this commanding statement in the cultural context of “High Power Distance” 232, they would have fully accepted this order, GO with no hesitation. However, people in North America get used to 229 Wilkins, Michael J. The NIV Application Commentary (Matthew). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 2004., 951. 230 Ibid., 954. Italic is the original. 231 Ibid., 959. 232 Livermore, David. Leading with Cultural Intelligence. New York, N.Y.: AMACOM Publ., 2010. , 98103. Details refer to the subtitle of his book, “Low vs. High Power Distance”. He explained “Power distance refers to how ‘far apart’ leaders and followers feel from each other. Countries scoring high in power distance – such as Mexico, India, and Ghana – offer a great deal of formal respect to leaders.” (, 100) and “The United States is by no means the lowest on the scale of power distance. With 1 as the lowest level of power distance and 120 as the highest, the U.S. score is 40, and trailing behind are Canada, Germany, and Finland.” (, 101). From his Table 5-5 in , 103, the description of High Power Distance is “Expects power holders to be entitled to privileges. Is willing to support and accept the views of superiors” and the Examples are “China, United Arab Emirates, France.” 74 the democratic ruling; comparatively speaking, they may have some difficulty to associate Jesus as King (because of lacking the “High Power Distance” mind concept) and so His command may be easily neglected or even be denied. Because some Chinese evangelicals may still carry the culture of High Power Distance, therefore, they relatively can be more submissive to take Jesus’ charge, “go”, as the irresistible order. Paul echoed the similar expression, he said, “For when I preach the gospel, I cannot boast, since I am compelled to preach. Woe to me if I do not preach the gospel!”233 If evangelicals take this command “go” in the similar mind-set seriously, they will not overlook this command as if it were not from the King’s command. Though this King’s commandment “go” is the one time command, it requires life time ceaseless actions. 2. Mark 16:14-20 Humanity Life Ultimate Destination – saved or condemned. Mark 16: 16, “He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who does not believe will be condemned.” (NKJV) According to this passage, Mark spelled out the ultimate humanity life destination is either saved or condemned. Michael Green gave this comment when he mentioned about Mark’s good news, “In the first place, it is a message with a quite specific content. It is always to euaggelion, the gospel. It is recognizable message which a man can proclaim and believe in. It can be called the good news of God’s kingly rule, or simply of the one who inaugurates that rule, Jesus.”234 That may be the reason why Mark recorded Jesus’ words in such a determinate manner – mankind’s ultimate destination is either saved or forever perished. This essential gospel message stated that there is no third place to go after death. It is neither Roman Catholic’s theology about 233 234 1 Cor. 9:16 NIV Green, Michael. Evangelism in the Early Church. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans, 1970, Revised Edition 2003. , 82. Italic is the original. 75 “there is the in-between place” to go – the Purgatory235, nor as what the Universalists claimed about, “belief in the salvation of all souls […] They insisted that punishment in the afterlife was for a limited period during which the soul was purified and prepared for eternity in the presence of God.”236 Ajith Fernando based on Universalists’ saying, “[some] argue that because Christ came to save the world, everyone in the world should be saved.” 237 But he argued that, “[the] conclusion we draw is that while Christ is potentially the Savior of all, he is actually the Savior only of those who respond to his salvation in faith.”238 It is true that the salvation Christ gives is good for the whole world and is always there, but meanwhile, people need to receive this grace by faith. People should realize that first believe in order to be saved and avoid perishing. The reason why Jesus Christ in Mark 16:16 emphasizing humanity’s ultimate destination is either saved or condemned is because there is God’s final judgment. “As Christians we confess that all people, both the living and the dead, will face divine judgment (Acts 10:42; 2 Tim.4:1; 1 Pet. 4:5)”239 there is the simple formula for the human being’s earthly life: “birth (life begins) → young, old and sick (life process) → death (life ends, then) → judgment.” No one will be an exception in this life cycle. Some people may argue that they can accept life from birth to death, but how can they know there is judgment after death? Viewing judgment Catholic Theology, “Purgatory (Lat., "purgare", to make clean, to purify) in accordance with Catholic teaching is a place or condition of temporal punishment for those who, departing this life in God's grace, are, not entirely free from venial faults, or have not fully paid the satisfaction due to their transgressions.” Accessed May 24, 2014, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12575a.htm; Concise Encyclopedia, additional explanation was made to Purgatory, “These remaining sins include unforgiven venial sins or forgiven mortal sins. Souls burdened by such sins must be purified before entering HEAVEN.” accessed May 24, 2014, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/purgatory 235 Encyclopaedia Britannica, “Universalism” Assessed May 29, 2014. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/618164/Universalism 236 237 Fernando, Ajith. Crucial Questions about Hell. Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 1994. , 21. 238 Ibid., 61. 239 Grenz, Stanley J. Theology for the Community of God. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2000. , 626. 76 from the light of the New Testament alone, Bible writers pointed out human beings are all sinners, “For we have previously charged both Jews and Greeks that they are all under sin. As it is written: “There is none righteous, no, not one; There is none who understands; There is none who seeks after God. They have all turned aside; they have together become unprofitable; there is none who does good, no, not one.”240 And “for all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God.”241 People cannot deny there are always consequences if they have done something wrong or evil. It is so true that “for whatever a man sows, that he will also reap. For he who sows to his flesh will of the flesh reap corruption,”242 Hence, what is the final penalty for sinners? It is death! “For the wages of sin is death,”243 But it does not stop there, “And as it is appointed for men to die once, but after this the judgment,” Moreover, Stanley Grenz mentioned, “The witness of the Bible is that all will stand at the judgment… from the issuing of the first instructions to Adam in the Garden of Eden (Gen. 2:15-17) to the vision of the final judgment in the Apocalypse (Rev. 20:11-15) the biblical authors declare that we will be judged according to our works. (Jer. 17:10; 32:19; Matt. 16:27; Rom. 2:6; 2 Cor. 5:10; Gal. 6:7-8; Rev. 22:12). Among the works which Jesus cited ads leading to condemnation include the accumulation of earthly possessions to the exclusion of true wealth (Mark 10:17-31; Luke 12:13-21), lack of care for the disadvantaged (Matt. 25:31-46), and unwillingness to forgive (18:21-35).”244 And he continued to say, “Judgment by works is appropriate, because outward deeds reveal our inward spiritual state.”245 Mark recorded Jesus’ end charge and clearly explained there 240 Romans 3:9-12 NIV 241 Romans 3:23 NKJV 242 Galatians 6: 7b-8a NKJV 243 Romans 6:23 NKJV 244 Grenz, Stanley J. Theology for the Community of God. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publ., 2000. , 629. 245 Ibid. , 630. 77 will be no other options in people’s end life besides “saved or condemned”. As B Waldrep commented, “Reincarnation stands in stark contrast to the biblical record of humanity’s creation and final destination, as well as how many lives each person is given – one. Paul said that for believer to be absent from the body is to be present with the Lord (2 Cor, 5:8), and the writer of Hebrews said, ‘It is appointed for men to die once and after this comes judgment’ (Heb. 9:27 NASB). Jesus taught that a person has only one lifetime on which he will be judged. (Matt 25:31-36)”246 To protect the personal faith and effectively share the gospel with those who follow this worldview, evangelicals must prepare themselves to fully understand what Mark had already given the answer to people’s ultimate life destination, is either saved or condemned. As a matter of fact, “Rather than facilitating and retribution of a wrathful God, as some suggest, our presence at the judgment is a sign and outworking of God’s love. God created us with the intent that we should willingly response to his gracious invitation of reconciliation and fellowship.” 247 It is God’s gracious love that He wants no one to be condemned, as what Paul proclaimed, “But God demonstrates His own love toward us, in that while we were still sinners, Christ died for us. Much more then, having now been justified by His blood, we shall be saved from wrath through Him.”248 People’s response to God’s love is to repent and they will be forgiven. Mark had recorded Jesus’ words, “He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who does not believe will be condemned”, then what is the relation between evangelism and the eternal destiny of all people – it is either saved or condemned? If some people eventually will be chosen by God to get saved by Hiss love and His irresistible grace anyway, then why should Bob Waldrep, “New Age – Share the Truth,” in The Complete Evangelism Guidebook, ed. Scott Dawson, (Grand Rapids, Michigan: BakerBooks 2008), 245. 246 247 Ibid. , 627-628. 248 Romans 5:8-9 NKJV 78 evangelicals go to evangelize the people? One reasonable answer would be, God asks His followers to do His command, “go” – just to tell the gospel to any people for they would never know what people will be eventually got saved. People are saved because they put their faith in Christ and they need to hear the gospel to be in and within Christ’s saving grace and love. “Nor is there salvation in any other, for there is no other name under heaven given among men by which we must be saved.” 249 If evangelicals bear this spiritual reality in their mind – people are either saved or perished, they will have deeper vision and burden to proclaim the gospel to all people. Meanwhile, they will also have stronger compassion towards the lost people, because it is a serious, unfortunate, and irreversible lost to them – forever perish, if they miss the gospel. Dan Kimball questioned the same thing, he said, “Now add in a universal reconciliation conversation to an already softened focus on evangelism, and I have to wonder: Will this discussion end up convincing people that everyone is eventually saved in the end, and as a result, lessen the urgency of telling others about Jesus even further? […] What if it’s just hopeful thinking and that hopeful thinking ends up lessening our felt burden for others, thus making us even more passive about evangelism?” 250 One additional exegetical question needs to be addressed to this statement, “He who believes and is baptized will be saved”, does Jesus mean “believe + baptize = salvation?” If that is true, then every time when evangelicals proclaim the gospel, they need to include “baptism”; or otherwise, they are proclaiming the “half gospel”. What was on Mark’s mind when he recorded Jesus’ charge on “He who believes and is baptized will be saved”? The good explanation to baptize should not be referred to the contemporary mind set of baptism; it should 249 Acts 4:12 NKJV. Kimball, Dan. “On Heaven, Hell and Evangelism” last modified December 3, 2014, accessed December 6, 2014, http://www.outreachmagazine.com/features/4145-dan-kimball-on-heaven-hell-andevangelism.html?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=omnewsletter&utm_cont ent=OM+Newsletter+20141205 79 250 refer to the action of one’s repentance. John the Baptist was famous for his baptism of repentance at Jesus time, “And he went into all the region around the Jordan, preaching a baptism of repentance for the remission of sins,”251 And as Millard Erickson commented, “It is simply absence of belief, not of baptism, which is correlated with condemnation…Thus, while Mark 16:16 is a forceful argument that belief is necessary for salvation, it is not so clear on the matter of baptism.” 252 Hence, when evangelicals practice evangelism, they need to let people know, if they want to believe, they have to repent from their sin as well; that is the salvation in Christ, as what Mark recorded. 3. Luke 24: 44-49 The core gospel content – to repent and to be forgiven. Reading the whole book of Luke’s Gospel, one may notice that one of the main themes of Luke is asking people to repent and receive Christ’s forgiveness of sins – that is the core gospel content. As what D Bock wrote in the introduction of his commentary on Luke, he said, “What does Jesus want people do? He calls sinners to repent (Luke 5:31-32), disciples to take up their cross daily as they follow him (9:23), and witnesses to take the message of repentance for the forgiveness of sins to all nations (24:43-49).”253 Throughout the Gospel of Luke, Luke had some unique narratives to express the thought of repentance and forgiveness of sins, in which they were not found in other Gospels. These related passages were only found in Luke; they were: (1) Luke 1: 17-17; 76-79. The key message of John the Baptist – repentance and forgiveness of sins. 251 Luke 3:3 NKJV. 252 Erickson, Millard. Christian theology 2nd edition Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1998. , 1098. Bock, Darrell L. Luke – The NIV Application Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI.: Zondervan Publ; 1996. , 18. 80 253 Luke mentioned about the major role of Jesus’ pioneer, John the Baptist is “to turn the hearts of the fathers to the children, and the disobedient to the wisdom of the just,”254 that is, John the Baptist was sending the “pre-gospel” message of telling people to repent. “To give his people the knowledge of salvation through the forgiveness of their sins,” 255 Right in the beginning, this core gospel message is explicitly spelled out by Luke. (2) Luke 5:8 Peter proclaimed he was the sinner. Though there was not much clue why Peter proclaimed he was the sinner after catching large number of fish, at least one would say he met the Holy Trinity God – Jesus Christ, our Savior, and was inspired by the Holy Spirit he was the sinner (Reference: John 16:8-9). Darrell Bock wrote in his Luke commentary, “He feels that as a sinner he has no chance with God. Jesus shows him that this sense of being less than God and less than holy is precisely what God can work with.” 256 And “So Jesus replies by telling Peter not to fear. It is one thing to be a sinner and deny it. It is another to know who you are before God and humbly bow before him.” 257 In these days, it is important to have people knowing who they are and who God is. People would not see the gospel light until they admit they are sinners. That is what Jesus said to the woman who was caught in adultery by the scribes and Pharisees, “And Jesus said to her, ‘Neither do I condemn you; go and 254 Luke 1: 17 NKJV 255 Luke 1: 77 NIV 256 Bock, Darrell L. The NIV Application Commentary: Luke. Grand Rapids, MI.: Zondervan Publ; 1996. , 160. 257 Ibid., 155. 81 sin no more.’ Then Jesus spoke to them again, saying, ‘I am the light of the world. He who follows Me shall not walk in darkness, but have the light of life’.”258 (3) Luke 7:36-50. A Sinful Woman forgiven – feels and returns to Jesus’ greatest love. John had clearly declared God is love, “[…]for love is of God; and everyone who loves is born of God and knows God. He who does not love does not know God, for God is love. In this the love of God was manifested toward us, that God has sent His only begotten Son into the world, that we might live through Him. In this is love, not that we loved God, but that He loved us and sent His Son to be the propitiation for our sins.”259 If people ask for God’s forgiveness of their sin, then they may truly know love. Evangelicals who proclaim this core gospel content message is to let this world know to come to God for His gracious love. “Finally, the story of the sinful woman teaches a crucial lesson about depth of love for God. The greater our sense that God has dealt with us in mercy, the greater love we will have for him in return.” 260 (4) Luke 13:1-5 Repent or Perish. Before Paul concluded that human beings are “all have sinned and fall short of the glory of God”261, he said, “What then? Are we better than they? Not at all. For we have previously charged both Jews and Greeks that they are all under sin. As it is written: ‘There is none righteous, no, not one;[…] There is none who does good, no, not one.”262 However, most people would think they are better and righteous than other people. It 258 John 8:11-12. 259 1 John 4:7-10 NJKV. 260 Bock, Darrell L. The NIV Application Commentary: Luke. Grand Rapids, MI.: Zondervan Publ; 1996. , 225. 261 Romans 3:23 NKJV 262 Romans 3:9-12 NKJV 82 may be argued that bad people deserved unfortunate happenings to them. Jesus emphasized that “Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans because they suffered this way? I tell you, no! But unless you repent, you too will all perish.” 263 Evangelicals should realize they need to proclaim the gospel message – to repent and be forgiven, or otherwise, no one can escape “for the wages of sin is death”264. (5) Luke 15:1-32 The parable of Lost Sheep/Lost Coin/Lost Son. When Jesus was challenged why He got along with sinners, Jesus gave these three parables to explain why He gathered together to eat with sinners. Luke’s writing order of these three parables was Lost Sheep (100 to 1), Lost Coin (10 to 1), and then Lost Son (2 to 1). From this progressive sequence from “100 to 1” to “2 to 1”, Luke tried to tell readers that Jesus actually cares so much about people’s repentance to Him. Whoever confesses their sin and receives Jesus Christ as their personal savior, it is the great joy to God. “Likewise, I say to you, there is joy in the presence of the angels of God over one sinner who repents.”265 Thus, the core gospel message should not be deviated from telling people to repent and to receive forgiveness from God. (6) Luke 17:26-30 Repent from “live for today – eat & drink” life style. Genesis 6:10 described, “The earth also was corrupt before God, and the earth was filled with violence” before Noah’s days. It was not a matter of “eat and drink” people live, it is a matter of “Then the LORD saw that the wickedness of man was great in the 263 Luke 13: 2-3 NIV 264 Romans 3:23 NKJV 265 Luke 15:10 83 earth, and that every intent of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continually.”266 Noah’s time was quoted as the illustration of end days – if people don’t repent, judgement would come. (7) Like 19: 1-10 Jesus came to save the lost (sinners) -- Zacchaeus the Tax Collector. After Luke recorded the testimony of Zacchaeus, he put down the remarkable concluding statement, “For the Son of Man came to seek and to save the lost.”267 (8) Luke 23:34 Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they do.” That is one of the Seven Words of Jesus on the Cross. And also, only Luke recorded “Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they do.” This is how Jesus remembered all the people – sinners, and He always forgives. Would the Jews really do not know what they did at that time? When Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they do not know what they do”, that means, Jesus always found reasons to pardon people’s sin – “for they do not know what they do”. On the contrary, people always found reasons not to forgive. People live in the culture of “Get, get, get and forget”; but Jesus eventually gave His life to save us, He always “Give, give, give and forgive”. Look at Jesus’ end charge, as recorded on Luke 24:47, “and that repentance and forgiveness of sins is to be proclaimed in his name to all nations, beginning from Jerusalem.”268 Evangelicals may experience it is rather embarrassed and not politically correct to confront the message of “repentance and forgiveness of sins”. Even though to cover this gospel content may apparently offensive to people, evangelicals should have faith that no matter what topics they are 266 Genesis 6:5 267 Luke 19:10 NIV. 268 Luke 24:47 NRSV 84 talking to people when they practice evangelism, the gospel content of “repentance and forgiveness” should not be intentionally or unintentionally avoided. Obviously, it is not the nice message to the contemporary people to hear. Daniel Migliore had defined “sin as both pride and self-rejection.”269, and from the narrative of how Eve sin in Genesis 3:1-6, sin is human beings’ moral autonomy. Telling people are sinners is the vital message they need to hear. One may agree we are living in a world of there is no absolute right or wrong. Hence, it would be hard and difficult for evangelicals to share the “message of repentance for the forgiveness of sins to all nations” in certain extends. Evangelicals may feel like they are doing something out of seasons and are against the current tide. Again, evangelicals should trust God, “Your word, LORD, is eternal; it stands firm in the heavens.”270 They need to ask Holy Spirit to give them wisdom how to infuse this message of “repentance and forgiveness of sins” in their live conversation. It is not easy to forgive and to be forgiven. Timothy Keller said, “Forgiveness is always a form of costly suffering […] However, it is divine forgiveness that is the ultimate ground and resource for the human.” 271 Only the suffering God may give the real forgiveness and thus, this “message of repentance for the forgiveness of sins to all nations” must be proclaimed to all people for Jesus Christ had paid the great cost, His life, to forgive all human sin. 269 Migliore, Daniel. Faith Seeking Understanding, Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publ, 2nd Edition 2004. , 130-35. 270 271 Psalms 119:89 NIV Keller, Timothy. The Reason for God. New York, NY: Riverhead Books, Penguin Group Publ. 2008. , 200. 85 4. John 20: 19-23 Disciples are the “photo-copy” of Jesus’ mission work – God sent Jesus into the world, disciples were sent by Jesus into the world. Why did John record Jesus giving this end charge – “As the Father has sent me, I am sending you.” to His disciples? John had written in the beginning in his gospel, “And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, the glory as of the only begotten of the Father, full of grace and truth.”272 Jesus entered into this world from heaven to serve people on this earth and so, as the disciples – Christ followers, need to be sent and go into the world to proclaim the gospel, exactly like what Jesus had done. David Bosch said a similar thing, “Mission is incarnational. John’s version of the Great Commandment has Jesus saying to his disciples, ‘As the Father sent me, so I send you’ (20:21).”273 Evangelicals are the “photo-copy” of Jesus’ mission work. Also, Gary Burge commented, “Throughout the Gospel Jesus has been described as the One who was sent by God (e.g., 4:3; 5:23; 6:38). Now with his work nearly completed, his final task is to commission his followers as he was commissioned by the Father. Thus as Jesus was God’s special representative (or agent) in the world, so too his disciples become Jesus’ agents, working in the world and witnessing to the reality of God and the truth of Jesus’ words.”274 And “Therefore to be commissioned (20:21), to advance the work of God as God’s agent, means being empowered as Jesus was empowered – obtaining the Spirit, just as Jesus was anointed and as Jesus promised.”275 272 John 1:15-16 NKJV. David J Bosch, “The structure of Mission: An exposition of Matthew 28:16-20,” in The Study of Evangelism: Exploring a Missional Practice of the Church, ed. Paul W. Chilcote and Laceye C Warner (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 2008), 90. 273 274 Burge, Gary. The NIV Application Commentary: John. Grand Rapids, MI.: Zondervan Publ; 2000. , 558. 275 Ibid., 558. 86 5. Acts 1:8 Power to Witness, regardless of where you are. In addition to Jesus’ end charge towards His mission commandments as recorded in Luke 24:47, Luke continued to write down other important words given by Jesus before He was taken up to heaven. “But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.”276 First of all, evangelicals should not worry about having no power to witness Him, for Holy Spirit will empower them. Secondly, some people interpreted Jesus’ meaning in the second half of His Words, was that His disciples must witness Him progressively from near to afar. It was true to say that. But, there should be the additional meaning of they must witness Him regardless of where they are. If they live in Jerusalem, they witness Him; if they settle down in Samaria, they witness Him. Even though they move to somewhere in the end of the earth, they still need to witness Him. Jesus’ Strategy in His Evangelism planning through the narrative of Mark 5 and John 4. Jesus said, “The harvest truly is plentiful, but the laborers are few. Therefore pray the Lord of the harvest to send out laborers into His harvest.”277 Jesus knew He could not proclaim the gospel to all nations in His limited life time on earth and by Him alone; therefore He had His mission plan in mind – how to send out people to finish this great ministry efficiently and effectively. By examining the narrative of Mark 5 and John 4, this researcher discovered that 276 Acts 1:8 NKJV 277 Matthew 9:37-38 NKJV. 87 most probably one of Jesus’ strategies in His overall evangelism planning, was to put the evangelism burden to the local people so that they could be His witness in their own communities. That is, after evangelicals have experienced His salvation grace, they have the responsibility to witness God in the local community they are dwelling. 1. Concerning about places. As evangelicals may notice “Jesus concentrated His ministry along the north shore of the Sea of Galilee near Capernaum and Bethsaida, both of which appear frequently in the gospels.”278 Hence, there are no doubt cities like Gerasa and Sychar, were not the targeted cites of Jesus’ ministry. Then, how could people in these areas hear the gospel, if Jesus had limited time to make the mission trips to go there in His time? In order to resolve this problem, Jesus particular visited these two cites and led a man with unclean spirit (Mark 5) and a woman of Samaria (John 4) to experience His salvation and His love. After they came to Christ, Jesus told them to stay in their home town to witness Him279. As what had mentioned above, that should be Jesus’ mission strategy, to put the evangelism burden to the local converted Christians so that they could carried out their mission responsibilities – to be His witness and proclaim the gospel to the communities where they are dwelling. 2. Concerning about people. Throughout Jesus’ early ministry as recorded by the Gospel of Mark, Jesus demanded some of the recipients not to tell any people upon His healing to them. Here were some instances: after Jesus healed the leprosy man, “Jesus sent him away at once with a strong warning: “See that you don’t tell this to anyone.” (Ref. Mk. 1:40-45) ; after Jesus casted out demons, “But he 278 Brisco, Thomas. Holman Bible Atlas. Nash. Tenn.:B & H Publ. Group 1998., 221. 279 Refer to the text of Mark 5:19-20 and John 4:29-30, 39-42. 88 gave them strict orders not to tell others about him.” (Ref. Mk. 3:12); after Jesus Heals a Deaf and Mute Man, “Jesus commanded them not to tell anyone. But the more he did so, the more they kept talking about it.” (Ref. Mk. 7:31-37) But for these two people (a man with unclean spirit and a woman of Samaria), Jesus did the total opposite. That is what David Garland wrote, “Jesus also reverses his usual demand of silence by telling the man to spread the news how God has mercied him. Why? [...] The infamous man with the legion remains to proclaim how he has been delivered by God’s mercy. The upshot is that the preaching of the gospel about Jesus expands into Decapolis. The splash created by the testimony of the man is more effective in divulging who Jesus is than the splash created by the demons in the pigs.”280 Read the epilogue of Mark 5 for this particular visit, “As Jesus was getting into the boat, the man who had been demon-possessed begged to go with him. Jesus did not let him, but said, “Go home to your own people and tell them how much the Lord has done for you, and how he has had mercy on you.” So the man went away and began to tell in the Decapolis how much Jesus had done for him. And all the people were amazed.”281 Jesus refused his request of following Him, but Jesus sent him back to his home town and commenced him to do the witness how He healed him and changed his life. Referring to the narrative of John: “ The woman then left her water pot, went her way into the city, and said to the men, “Come, see a Man who told me all things that I ever did. Could this be the Christ?” Then they went out of the city and came to Him … And many of the Samaritans of that city believed in Him because of the word of the woman who testified, “He told me all that I 280 Garland, David E. The NIV Application Commentary, Mark. Grand Rapids, MI.: Zondervan. Publ; 1996. , 206-7. 281 Mark 5: 18-20 NIV 89 ever did.” So when the Samaritans had come to Him, they urged Him to stay with them; and He stayed there two days. And many more believed because of His own word.”282 After the Samaritan woman knew Jesus, she went out to her home town to witness what Jesus had done to her. It carried the same result with the infamous man in Mark 5. From the above, Jesus particular paid a visit to these two cities, and these cities were not within the territories of Jesus’ ministry. There must be some reasons. (1) The reason or the purpose of these visits was to lead these two people to know God, to experience His love so that they could be His witness in their local community they lived. Hence, evangelicals should know they carry the responsibilities to witness Jesus Christ in their own communities. (2) The witness of the man in Mark 5 was very dramatic and he had a supernatural experience, but the witness of the woman was only the simple common life story of her marriage failure. Hence, it does not really matter what was the background of the converts. Evangelicals’ every single witness, either plain or dramatic, lifts them up to God and Jesus will always use it. (3) Jesus went to lead a man (Mark 5) and a woman (John 4) to know God, yielding out a message that Jesus used people to be His witness in their local community, there was no gender preference in Jesus’ perimeter. Evangelicals should not have the concern about the gender preference of doing the witnessing work for Christ. According to the above observation, evangelicals should treat it as one of Jesus’ Strategy in His evangelism overall planning; that is, evangelicals should do their personal witnesses in the local communities they are dwelling. It does not matter whether they are a man or a woman, plain or dramatic life witness. 282 John 4:28-41 NKJV 90 Chapter Conclusion: There are some Biblical and Theological foundations in evangelism not covered in this chapter. For example, what is the theological implication in evangelism when Jesus said, “And I, when I am lifted up from the earth, will draw all people to myself.” 283? And furthermore, what is the Biblical correlation between evangelicals’ faith to believe it is God’s power to save and their feelings of not ashamed of the gospel? ( e.g. “For I am not ashamed of the gospel, because it is the power of God that brings salvation to everyone who believes.”284) However, this chapter has covered why evangelicals should sense there is an urgency to practice evangelism. Jesus corrected the time concept of doing evangelism evangelicals may usually have. From the final charges of Jesus Christ before He ascended to heaven, He had commanded disciples how to pursue and complete His mission work, and thus He draw another clear and comprehensive picture of doing evangelism. These final charges are still vivid, valid, and applicable to evangelicals. Jesus’ evangelism strategy of asking local converts to do the gospel witness within their local communities should be well considered. If they follow this evangelism strategy Jesus had designed, the gospel should be efficiently and widely spread out. Jesus Christ is our Lord, the planner, the engineer, and the producer of our faith (and in our daily witness to Him). When Luke closed his historical account in Acts 28:31, he closed somewhat abruptly. Luke may have the intention to let people know that the Gospel is stronger than any power that would come against it. The very last word Luke used “ ”. This Greek word literally means “without hindrance” while another translation rendered it "no one forbidding him" (NKJV). If 283 John 12:33 NIV 284 Romans 1:16 NIV 91 evangelical well receive Luke’s affirmation of the power of gospel, their faith can be built and they will be encouraged to continue in the ministry to which God has called them. This researcher’s evangelism training course, based on the teachings of the above Biblical and Theological foundation mentioned in this chapter, is to encourage evangelicals to do evangelism boldly and with confidence. 92 Chapter Four: Procedures and Research Design Introduction The motivation behind this research project stems from a deep concern that church participants might not be actively in sharing the gospel with other people. The literature in chapter two proposed various reasons for this possibility. When evangelicals want to practice evangelism, the literature suggested a number of reasons such as fear, lack of confidence and practical skills that hindered them from participating. This researcher suggested to resolve these problems was to encourage them to receive proper evangelism training, followed by immediate field practice. This project sought to explore “How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers?” The application form of “Request for Ethical Review of Human Research” to the Research Ethics Board was submitted and the Certificate of Approval had been obtained to work on this project. Subjects Identified The directory of the Calgary Chinese Evangelical Ministerial Association (CCEMA) includes twenty three Chinese Churches 285 in Calgary. The invited population included all the Cantonese speaking adults from most of these Chinese Churches. Any interested evangelicals from different denominations were welcome to join regardless of their years in the church or whether they have served in any leadership roles within the church or not. After the open invitation, this researcher received participants from nine different Chinese Churches from five denominations – Evangelical Free Church, Christian and Missionary 285 The detail list of Chinese Churches of CCEMA directory can be found in CCEMA web site: http://www.ccema.ca/wp/?,_id=157. Last updated: July 29, 2009. Accessed September 1 , 2014. 93 Alliance, Evangelical Lutheran, Anglican and non-denominational. Most participants were from the Calgary Chinese Evangelical Free Church. Since the participants’ Christian faith represented diverse church backgrounds, assessing the data will be more valuable, and not easily biased due to certain church denominations background. The following table was the distribution list of the name of the church versus the number of participants in the sample: Name of the Church Sample size Calgary Chinese Evangelical Free Church 24 North East Chinese Evangelical Free Church 5 Wing Kei Chapel 4 Calgary Chinese Alliance Church 3 Westside Calgary Chinese Alliance Church 3 Hosanna Chinese Lutheran Church 3 Southgate Chinese Alliance Church 1 Calgary Chinese Anglican Church 1 Blessed Christian Church 1 Total : 45 Table 1: Numbers of participants and the participating churches The sample includes forty five participants who completed this evangelism training course. There were a few people who attended just one out of three classes, and were not included in this statistic. All participants signed the consent form (see Appendix A) on the first day they came to class. 94 Design and Procedure of this Research: This research used the Quasi-experimental design and included a self-report on the impact of the participants’ ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers within the Chinese community in Calgary before and after they received this researcher’s evangelism training. This researcher conducted the initial survey with participants receiving this evangelism training on the first day of the class. After the three weekends of training, a similar survey was distributed according to the standard research ethics protocol. This pre- and post-test designed to compare and measure their self reported changes in practicing evangelism. Data collection employed both qualitative and quantitative measures. In some instances, as noted, participants ranked the importance of certain statements based upon their personal sense of importance. Questions & Answers/evaluation sections were followed right after each outgoing evangelism sections. This researcher was able to obtain the additional qualitative data through their immediate feedback and their written comments from the survey. Data sets included mostly answers to open ended questions as well as other quantitative items ranked on a Likert scale of 1 to 5. The entire bilingual survey can be seen in Appendix B. The questionnaires in this survey contained two categories: “General Spiritual Status” and “Evangelism”. “General Spiritual Status” sought to know the participants’ background and thus help in drawing further conclusion in their responses. The “Evangelism” part evaluated whether there were any changes (before and after evangelism training) in their attitude (fear, confidence), and ability in practicing evangelism. The survey data collected included only those participants who joined at least two consecutive weekends of evangelism training. The data analysis was based on their self reports by using the chart to illustrate the changes they had 95 experienced. Comparing two sets of data – before and after training – allowed this researcher to study the impact of this training. 1. Procedures of this Evangelism Training: This evangelism training took place at Calgary Chinese Evangelical Free Church (CCEFC) because the location of this church is near the geographical centre of Calgary, providing the convenience of participants to come from different parts of the city. CCEFC is also located within Calgary northwest, where most of the Chinese people live. Since participants attend various Chinese churches in Calgary, this researcher requested the support from the senior pastors of these Chinese churches. Seven weeks before the training started, letters were sent to the senior pastors of these Chinese churches in Calgary (See Appendix C for the letter), asking for their permission to promote this evangelism training and their encouragement to their congregation to join. Follow-up calls were done after the letters were sent out. (See Appendix D for the oral script,). Senor Pastors and/or the leaders of these churches indicated their support. Posters and the Evangelism training registration forms (See Appendix E for the poster and Appendix F for the Registration Form) were sent out to the participating churches six weeks before the training. Posters were posted in their churches accordingly. Church public announcement about this evangelism training was requested to include in their Church Sunday Bulletins. All the registration forms were collected either by church assigned representatives or by this researcher. 2. The Rationale & Content of this Evangelism Training Class. This researcher agrees with R. York Moore’s comment, 96 “The proclamation of the Gospel has always been through both word and deed. Jesus preached and healed (Matt. 4:23), and in his first letter to the Thessalonians, Paul says that the Gospel came to them “not simply with words, but also with power, with the Holy Spirit and with deep conviction.” Serving others and being a voice for those who have no voice have always been foundational to spreading the Gospel.”286 The rationale for this evangelism training class was the integration of having both theoretical teaching and practical actions of doing personal evangelism. Hence, this evangelism training aimed to provide the necessary training to participants so as to evaluate whether the evangelism training would help them to have confident and less fear when they practice evangelism. This researcher was the main instructor and wrote all the teaching material. One guest speaker was invited for a special talk, “How to present your personal testimony in five to ten minutes through public speaking.” (1) This evangelism training took place over three consecutive weekends from 9am to 4pm. (2) This evangelism training time table (The bilingual timetable for distributing to participants during class could be found in Appendix G) was arranged in the following way: R. York Moore, “Looking For a Gospel That Is Seen and Heard”. Accessed November 17, 2014. http://www.outreachmagazine.com/features/4377-looking-for-a-gospel-that-is-seen-andheard.html?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=omnewsletter&utm_content= OM+Newsletter+20141117 This feature originally appeared in the November/December 2008 issue of Outreach Magazine. 97 286 Time April 13 April 20 April 27 9:30 10:30am Briefing & Fill in Pre-Survey How to use various Gospel tools (1) Biblical Evangelism Methodology & Techniques Gospel Theology---practical answers to gospel challenging questions. 10:30 – 10:45am Break Break Break 10:30 – 12 noon How to use various Gospel tools (2) & How to equip ourselves in Evangelism How to share your personal testimony effectively?* (*Co-teach with guest speaker) How to preach the short gospel message?* (*Co-teach with guest speaker) 12 – 1pm Fellowship Lunch Fellowship Lunch Fellowship Lunch 1 – 1:30pm Briefing to gospel outreaching in Chinatown Streets/Mall & Group Prayer Briefing to Door-to-Door gospel visitation & Group Prayer Briefing to Referral Home Visitation & Group Prayer Gospel Action (1): Chinatown/Mall Gospel Action (2): Door-to-Door Visitation Gospel Action (3): Referral Home Visitation Case Study & Testimony Sharing Immediate discussion to some particular cases from above Gospel Action (1)〕 Case Study & Testimony Sharing 〔Immediate discussion to Case Study & Testimony Sharing 〔Immediate discussion to some particular cases from above Gospel Action (2)〕 some particular cases from above Gospel Action (3)〕 1:30 3:15pm 3:15 – 4pm ______________________ De-Briefing & Fill in Post-Survey. Theories of evangelism were taught in the morning and practices took place in the afternoon. This was intended to avoid simply teaching the participants theories and head knowledge without any practical practice. 98 (3) In the first class, the Briefing (See Appendix H) was done and they needed to fill in the pre-evangelism survey before the training was begun. (4) “Technically speaking, ‘evangelism’ is the practice or study of telling the good news.” 287 So the morning sections included the Biblical and Theological principles about evangelism. Most of the Biblical content taught in class was from chapter three of this project and intended to let participants grasp Biblical and Theological foundations for doing personal evangelism. This researcher “blended” various evangelism methodologies together to some unique ways to teach them how to share gospel to people around them. Various evangelism methodologies include: 4.1. Personal evangelism using traditional tools such as “Four Spiritual Laws”, “Roman Road”, and “Gospel Bridge” To talk to someone through these gospel booklets is to let them admit they are sinners, God has the divine plan or purpose in their lives, and they should reconcile with the loving God. Some other visual aids such as the Gospel Cube and Beautiful Life pictorial cards288 are very helpful tools in this personal evangelism. 4.2. “How to share your personal testimony?” and “How to preach the short gospel message?” were the particular lessons emphasized to teach participants in two weekends’ mornings. It is a kind of Narrative evangelism. Alvin Reid explained: “Rather than approaches that focus on methods or felt needs, narrative evangelism tells the gospel story in a way that intersects with our own personal story.” 289 They learned how to use their own testimony as the 287 Sunquist, Scott W. Understanding Christian Mission. Grand Rapids, MI., Baker Academic 2013. , 314. 288 Chinese gospel products, created and manufactured by Hong Kong Christian Short Term Mission Training Center. 289 Reid, Alvin. Introduction to Evangelism. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman Publ., 1998. , 240. 99 powerful evidence to show non-believers that God is presence to watch over them and is working in their lives. Participants had to learn how to write their five to ten minutes personal testimonies and presented it by public speaking in the class. That was to train them to be bold enough to share their testimonies with themes of their own. Immediate feedbacks and comments were given to them after their testimony presentations. “Guidelines for Sharing One’s Conversion Testimony”290 by Alvin Reid was a good resource for quick reference. 4.3. Use the idea of “Friendship evangelism” 291 and “Lifestyle evangelism”292, T Stebbins in his friendship evangelism suggested “Six-Step Approach to Friendship Evangelism”, it included: Step 1: Develop Personal Acquaintance. Step 2: Use secular life for further involvement. Step 3: Share and observe family values. Step 4: Discuss church background. Step 5: Give your personal testimony. Step 6: Share the gospel. He also mentioned that it took about two months time to complete each step. His approach on Friendship Evangelism was aiming at knowing the people you don’t know like your neighbor as mentioned in Step 1. The idea of was also used. Teach them the concepts of these similar evangelism methods so that they know the importance of how to make friends with non-believer friends before they share the gospel with them. Evangelicals spend days, weeks, months or even years to be friends with people, and then share the gospel with them when the time is right. Throughout their life, they need to prepare to share the gospel and their living lifestyle is their witness to the gospel. 290 Reid, Alvin. Evangelism Handbook. Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009. , 186. 291 Stebbins, Tom. Friendship Evangelism. Camp Hill, Pennsylvania: Christian Publ., 1995., 337-338. 292 Pippert, Rebecca M. Out of the Saltshaker and into the World. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1979. As what she said: “Evangelism as a Way of Life”. 100 4.4. There is free will personal “Faith style of evangelism” 293 or, Servant Evangelism294. Teach them how to initiate the conversation to talk to any person, such as a cashier at a store check-out counter, passenger sitting beside them in a bus, etc. and then later to change the content of the conversation into a spiritual one. This kind of evangelism approach was quite challenging and some evangelicals may think they were not gifted to do it; however, participants were encouraged to have a try to practice it. One of the purpose of this evangelism training was to help them to discover whether they were capable to do this free will, personal faith style of evangelism or not. All these methods would be taught to equip participants so that they could discover what method(s) they used would be the best choice for them to share the gospel to other people. Other teachings included how to use various gospel tools effectively (See Appendix I for some samples of gospel material) and “How to share your personal testimony?” (5) Lunch was provided complimentary by this researcher. Participants stayed together to eat as a time of fellowship, since they were from different churches, and may not know one another. Mutual trust and better understanding among one another could be built through this time. It was also the good time to have them talk about the course and their evangelism learning experience. (6) The afternoon sections focused upon evangelism experiences and played a very important part of this evangelism training. Without practical outreaching, this would have not 293 Hybels, Bill & Mark Mittelberg. Becoming a Contagious Christian. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ.,1994. In this book, there was quite a lot of “free-will” talking with strangers’ real life stories recorded. 294 Go to the web site, http://www.servantevangelism.com/ for details about Servant Evangelism. According to Reid, Alvin’s book, Evangelism Handbook (Nashville, TN.: Broadman & Holman Publ., 2009), “Servant evangelism is a combination of simple acts of kindness and intentional personal evangelism…it involves intentionally sharing Christ by consistently modeling biblical servanthood.” (, 276) 101 much difference from other evangelism training events. Participants went to different places to practice evangelism in order to gain various real life experiences. “Evangelism is about experiencing God. If you choose to be obedient, he will take you on a journey so exciting that your life will never be the same.” 295 (7) Participants were divided into groups of two or three people. Each group consisted of both men and women. The advantage was they could approach people of both genders without violating common social conventions. The rest of the group member(s) could assist in the discussion, or prayed silently behind for the whole conversation. This researcher joined with one group at a time to go out to do evangelism. Since the focus group of people included only Chinese, the best first destination included streets in Chinatown and the adjacent Chinese Malls. Practicing evangelism to people speaking the same language would not bring additional hardship (such as language barriers) to participants, which may affect the results of this project. The plan also included door to door visitation. The Door to Door visitation was mainly on 2 km radius of the CCEFC (the church where the training was taken place). Before the class, one helper used the phone book to sort out the potential Chinese families living in these residential areas. Checked out the last names (like Chan, Wong, Cheung and etc.) of these households and group them together as the visiting list that participants in this project could do the Door to Door visitation. That was, only Chinese families in the neighborhood of the hosting church would be included in the list to do gospel visitations. This researcher had allocated which houses were supposed to be visited along the streets. The idea was to avoid wasting time to visit the non-Chinese homes in that area. 295 Fay, W., Share Jesus Without Fear. Nashville, TN.: B&H Publ., 1999. , 144. 102 This researcher would use the Door to Door Religious Survey (See Appendix J) as the tool to open up the conversation before any spiritual sharing could be introduced. After they finished the door-to-door evangelism, the leader of each group needed to fill the detail information about the evangelism visit after each household in the “Door-to-Door Home Visitation Follow-up Form” (See Appendix K for the Form). The reason for doing so was to let the sponsor church, CCEFC to do follow up work to those families, whom were interested in the gospel, and tried to connect them and brought them back to the church in the future. The third learning experience included the Referral Home Visitation. The Referral Home Visitation name list was obtained by asking participants to refer those people whom they wished to have the evangelism visit in the first day of class. The Referral Home Visitation was arranged after the first class of the training so they had about two weeks’ time to prepare the Referral list for project participants to visit. This sought to reflect friendship evangelism. This researcher would introduce two books (written by this researcher) for them to read. The names of these two books were “Messages From Our daily Life 296” and “To Face the Living God297”. These two books showed them how to use some common daily life topics as conversation starters, and then led naturally into the spiritual sharing after the conversation began. That was intended to help them to gain more confidence and have less fear to talk to someone if they had no clue to where they could start the conversation. (8) After participants came back from each outreaching evangelism trip, this researcher designed the tutorial section for case studies and sharing of their experience. Through this Kwan, Albert. Messages From Our Daily Life. Edmonton: Alberta, Chinese Outreach – Edmonton Publ. 2001. This book included 37 topics that could lead to spiritual sharing. (Chinese Book) 296 Kwan, Albert. To Face the Living God. Edmonton: Alberta, Chinese Outreach – Edmonton Publ. 2004. This book included 29 topics that could lead to spiritual sharing. (Chinese Book) 103 297 interactive discussion right after the immediate previous evangelism outreaching trip, participants could share their feelings. Through their sharing and plus this researcher’s comments and by giving them the solutions and/or suggestions to any tough gospel questions they may have encountered, they could explore how to handle the difficult situation better; their confidence may thus be built up. (9) Debriefing for this project was announced just before the whole evangelism training was finished. (See Appendix L for the Debriefing Oral Script). The Post Evangelism Training Survey was also done at the end of the class. Participants were free to answer the survey either in English or in Chinese. For those who chose to answer questions in Chinese, this researcher assigned a participant from the class to do the translation. The translator consent form had been signed by the translator (See Appendix M). Limitations and Delimitations. This was a onetime assessment self-report. Also, since the language of this training was conducted in Cantonese and all the participants were Cantonese speaking Chinese, our delimitation would be there were no Mandarin speaking Chinese or Canadian Born Chinese (of whom speaks limited or even no Chinese). This research was done in Calgary, the third largest Chinese population city in Canada 298 , Calgary is a typical city representing the Chinese community in Canada. The Independent Variables of this project were, Refer to 2001 Statistic Canada. Under the section of “The Chinese Community in Canada” Quoted: “In 2001, Toronto was home to 436,000 Chinese Canadians, while another 348,000 lived in Vancouver. In fact, the Chinese community represents a large proportion of the total population of these two cities. In 2001, people of Chinese origin made up 18% of all Vancouver residents and 9% of those in Toronto. At the same time, they made up 6% of residents of Calgary , 5% of those in Edmonton , 4% of those in Victoria, and 3% of those in the National Capital Region.” Check the web site, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2006001-eng.htm Date visited: 08-31-2011. 104 298 1. The age group of participants. People may do things differently at different ages. This project happened to have 58% participants’ age over 50 years old. But 6% participants were between 26 to 35 years old. 2. Years in church and level of activity in the church. Usually if people have been attending the church for a longer period of time and are actively involved in ministry, they are more likely to be the mature Christians. 41% of the participants attended church for 11 to 20 years. 3. Has participant received any evangelism training before they came to this training? If participants received evangelism training before, they would probably have some alternative insights and real experience towards personal evangelism. Did they still have fear (or lesser fear) and/or would they gain more confidence to do personal evangelism by having attended other evangelism trainings? The Dependent Variable of this project: Since this project involved outreaching to the Chinese community in malls and streets in Chinatown and Chinese households around the neighborhood of Calgary Chinese Evangelical Free Church, the dependent variable was, would participants’ confidence in sharing the Gospel be affected for there would be no prediction of what kind of Chinese people they would meet. However, this evangelism training taught them what precautions and safety procedures they needed to pay attention before they launched out to meet any kind of Chinese people. Based on the above description, both of these limitations and delimitation were carefully considered so as to obtain a general overview of this ministry project within the Chinese community in Calgary. The underlying reasons for result generated can be focused on and studied later through further research. 105 Presenting the findings: Total participants filled the Survey: 45. General Status. 1. Gender: Gender Percentage Male 38% Female 62% The ratio of the gender, female and male was approximately 3:2. It was a reasonable gender distribution. The risk of having the gender bias to this project should be minimized. 2. Age Range: 26-35 6% 36-45 22% 46-50 14% 51+ 58% Chart #1 Age Distribution The age group of participants over fifty one years old was 58%. They were from the baby-boomers generation. This group of people generally has higher involvement in church activities in the Chinese faith community. There were 6% between the age of twenty six to thirty five, and 36% in the combined age group from thirty six to fifty. Again, this project covered the good ratio of grown up adults (fifty years old plus) verses mature adults (twenty six to fifty) at the ratio of about 3:2. 106 3. Years in attending the current church: 31+ years 8% 21-30 years 18% Not Specify 5% 01-10 years 28% 11-20 years 41% Chart #2 Years in attending the current church 41% and 18% of participants attended church eleven to twenty years and twenty one to thirty years respectively. These participants’ were long time, steady church attendees and their inputs should be able to reflect some general thinking of the Chinese Church community. 4. Based on the above data, participants involved in this project were the longstanding evangelicals or attendees in Chinese churches. Thus, their comments towards this evangelism training should be objective enough to help this researcher to draw valuable and constructive conclusion. Before Evangelism Training: Questions were asked how participants look at evangelism; the following was the result of the summary data. 1. Did they receive any kind of evangelism training before they joined this researcher’s evangelism training? 107 Received any evangelism training before? 36% Yes 64% No Chart #3 Received any evangelism training before? Among this 64% people whom had received some evangelism training before, 42% received some evangelism training courses from their Church Sunday School program, and 38% from Evangelism Explosion and 20% from other related Training. 2. Regardless of whether they had the evangelism training, the item, “I have not done personal evangelism because I have some level of fear” showed these results: Have fear in doing personal Evangelism? Percentage Yes 54% No 41% Did not indicate “Yes or No” 5% Table 1: Percentage of participants “Have fear in doing evangelism?” (Before this Training) 3. The below table showed the reasons for their fear: 108 Reasons of Fear Frequency of people indicated Fear of don’t know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions 14 Feeling ashamed 13 Fear or not comfortable to initiate to talk spiritual things to people 9 Fea Fear to talk to people especially to strangers 7 Fear of others mis-treat them as “religious zealous” 5 Worry about how people look at them and think that they are crazy 3 Others: Anxiety problems, Worry their personal Christian life did not match what they shared (i.e. Walk did not match their talk) 1 Table 2: Reasons of Fear indicated by participants. 4. When the question “I have not done personal evangelism because I do not have confidence” was asked, the following chart showed the result: Percentage % 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Strongly Disagree Percentage 5% Disgree 19% Slightly agree 14% Agree 57% Strongly Agree 5% Table 3: I have not done personal evangelism because I do not have confidence 109 5. Follow up the above chart, total 76% people indicated they have not done personal evangelism because they do not have confidence. Their reasons were: Frequency of people indicated Reasons for Not Having Confidence I have no idea what to start or where to start the conversation. 14 How can I have confidence to share the faith if I do not have the good relationship with God at this present moment? 5 Because there is no effective evangelism tools to help me. 5 Have doubt whether God uses me or how can God use me. 4 I am not the gifted person in talking/sharing. 1 Other reasons included:Worry not to able to answer questions asked Not comfortable to talk to strangers Had no confidence to move on the conversation if others did not show interest Not able to catch the chance when it came up. 4 Table 4: Reasons for Not having Confidence indicated by participants. After Evangelism Training: 1. “I have not done personal evangelism because I have some level of fear” was asked again, following table showed the result: Have fear in doing personal evangelism? Percentage Yes 30% No 70% Table 5: Percentage of participants “Have fear in doing evangelism?” (After this Training) 110 Comment #1: After this evangelism training, there was a 24% decline – from 54% of participants indicating they had fear in doing personal evangelism before this evangelism training – to 30% after the training (70% replying no fear in doing personal evangelism). From this result, it may imply that people receiving evangelism training would help them to have less fear in doing personal evangelism. This researcher work on the data from chart #3, the following analysis was observed: Since there were 36% participants who received no related evangelism training and if the hypothesis of this project is correct, a 24% drop was found to be a reasonable outcome. If the breakdown of those 64% people whom had received training was investigated, out of that 64% there were 42% received some evangelism training courses from their church Sunday School program, and 20% from other related training. Most of them indicated those evangelism training they had from their church Sunday School programs were mainly on head knowledge by telling them they needed to do evangelism, and how the practicing of evangelism played an important role in their spiritual formation. In essence, this training emphasizes putting personal evangelism into practice rather than simply teaching theoretical knowledge about personal evangelism. Even if some courses go as far as having role-playing simulations for people to share the gospel, this only teaches the certain techniques about evangelism, but perhaps only improve some confidence of the person practicing it in the real world. This training provides not only a true experience in sharing the gospel with others, but also try to build a person’s confidence in doing so. In other words, the major difference of this evangelism training was not only teaching participants the practical evangelism skills but also requiring them to have hands-on experience. Having many chances to let them to try out whether they can do it or not, like this evangelism 111 training, may build up their confidence and have less fear in sharing gospel to others if they have learned some important lessons through this process. General speaking, participants attending more evangelism training should carry the benefits of gaining different evangelism knowledge and skills to help them to have confidence and thus do the evangelism with less fear. Hence, it is inferred that this training can help participants to share the gospel to non-believes with less fear. Following up on the above question, the below table showed the reasons for their fear after this Training: Reasons of Fear Frequency Fear to talk to people especially to strangers 5 Feeling ashamed 3 Fear of don’t know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions 2 Fear or not comfortable to initiate to talk spiritual things to people 1 Worry about how people look at them and think that they are crazy. 1 Table 6: Reasons of Fear participants indicated (After the Training) Here is the comparison data based on the above finding (before and after this evangelism training): 112 Reasons of Fear Frequency of people indicated (Before training) Frequency of people indicated (After training) Fear to talk to people especially to strangers 7 5 Feeling ashamed. 13 3 Fear of don’t know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions. 14 2 Fear or not comfortable to initiate to talk spiritual things to People. 9 1 Worry about how people look at them and think that they are crazy. 3 1 Fear of others mis-treat them as “religious zealous”. 5 0 Table 7: Comparison table for participants’ “Reasons of Fear” before and after the Training. Having fear for whatever reason was a common feeling that most participants acknowledged. From the data above, it inferred a good improvement with regards to the participants’ “having fear in doing evangelism”. For instance, because of these communal gospel actions, that may help them to minimize their “feeling ashamed” (the frequency dropped from 13 to 3 after this training). The frequency of participants put a tick to “Fear of don’t know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions” had a significant drop from fourteen to two after this evangelism training as well, Hence, this implied that if participants learned evangelism techniques and once they knew they had the ability and skills, they would have gained more confidence and have less fear in personal evangelism. 2. 70% participants showed that they had no fear in doing personal evangelism; the following table showed the result of why they had no fear: 113 Reasons for having no fear in doing evangelism after this Training. Frequency of people indicated I know God will help me out anytime. 24 Trusting God I do my best, He does the rest. 23 After this evangelism training class, my attitude and faith towards sharing my faith had been change and uplifted. 22 After this evangelism training class, I can relief from: “why should I worry about how other people look at me?” And so I can feel free to witness God.” “I have no enough knowledge how to answer their challenging antifaith questions” is no longer the concern or fear to me. I can boldly face this challenge. 13 13 Table 8: Reasons for having no fear in doing evangelism after this training. Comment #2: From the reasons mentioned above, it matched the finding in Table 7. It reflected the importance to teach evangelicals different evangelism skills through this training. When they knew evangelism techniques and had faith in God, the above finding suggested that they were empowered to have confidence to practice evangelism. 3. When the question “I have not done personal evangelism because I do not have confidence.” was asked again, the following chart showed the result: 114 Percentage % 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Percentage Strongly Disagree 17% Disgree 35% Slightly agree 23% Agree 23% Strongly Agree 2% Table 9: “I have not done personal evangelism because I do not have confidence. (After Training). Comment #3: “I have not done personal evangelism because I do not have confidence.” % Before This Training % After This Training Variation in % Strongly Disagree 5% 17% 12% Disagree 19% 35% 16% Table 10: Comparision table for “I have not done personal evangelism because I do not have confidence.” before and after the Training. This study suggested a positive impact of the training, based upon the change in response to the claim of “Strongly Disagree” and “Disagree” in this statement. This implied if participants gained the confidence to do evangelism through evangelism training, their way of thinking about doing personal evangelism would have changed from the passive in the past to active involvement by now. It was reasonable for they would consider or accept “do not have confidence” should be the factor, or even it might be an excuse, not to do the personal evangelism after the evangelism training. 115 After this Evangelism Training, the reasons participants indicated they had confidence to do evangelism, referred to the table below: Reasons to have confidence to share the gospel Frequency of people indicated I have confidence God will help me out every time I share my faith to others. 23 I have learned how to share my faith from this evangelism training, and thus I have full confidence to evangelize to other people. 16 I have overcome psychological barrier that “why should I worry about how other people look at me?” and so I feel free to witness God with confidence. 13 Even though I may not know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions, I can boldly ask myself: why should I lose confidence to share the gospel just because of that? Other: “I will go back to my pastor later to look answers for all the questions they have asked.” That attitude helps me to build up confidence. 9 1 Table 11: Reasons to have confidence to share the gospel (After Training) 4. Summary of the free comments given by participants after this evangelism training: (1). When asked the question, “Would you concur this evangelism training helps you to lift up your faith to God, and/or to overcome your fear when you share the gospel to other people?” the feedbacks included: * Yes, I have more confidence in sharing gospel. This training definitely helped me and gave me more confidence to share the good news with other people; God built up my confidence and through this training, I gained my confident to do evangelism. By knowing how to handle people’s objection to the gospel, that had helped me to accept the challenge of going out to share the gospel. 116 * I overcame the fear of leaving out my comfort zone; I used to be afraid of sharing the gospel because I did not know how to do it, but now I was grateful to learn how to share the gospel to people; God is love; I did not fear. Be strong and of good courage to share the gospel; I learned a lot and had overcome the fear of doing “one on one” communication. * Biblical teaching in this training guided me and strengthened my faith in evangelism; I had faith knowing the Holy Spirit was with us and worked through us. (2). What were the most challenging parts in this Evangelism Training Course? * The most challenging part was to calm down myself not to be afraid to initiate the talking to strangers in the mall. Once I had done several times, I had more confidence to keep on doing my personal evangelism. * Visited and witnessed to strangers; initiated the topic of interest; first time to do street evangelism and got rejected by people; door to door visitation; personal evangelism in the mall; talk with the people whom already have their own religion. Comment: From most of the comments given from above, it inferred one important thing; the evangelism training played an important role helping people to practice evangelism. Through this evangelism training, they learned the techniques to empower their ability, and put their faith to God to gain their confidence to practice evangelism. To group them together for training and then went out to do evangelism was the great encouragement to them. Corporate gospel actions inferred their fear was minimized while practicing evangelism. 117 Concluding Remarks. The above findings suggested that what participants in the program learned from the class gave them confidence and the ability to do personal evangelism, therefore their fear was reduced. One of the reasons people have the confidence to do something depend on how much skill they have to achieve the task. Or we may say, people would have less fear to face tough tasks and/or future uncertain situations if they believe there is divine intervention to help them.. Teaching them a reliable and reputable set of concepts for evangelism sought to change their attitude and their behavior towards evangelism. As they moved on to work on it, their experience confirmed what they had learned was applicable to their lives and thus gave them confidence to share gospel to non-believers. Generally speaking, good theological knowledge from this evangelism training about God’s plan in evangelism, and having faith in God empowered them to have the ability to do evangelism, the survey result of this project inferred that it helped them to have confidence and less fear to launch out to do evangelism. One of the important implications from this research proposed that participants receiving the evangelism training both in theory and in practice would be confident in evangelism with less fear. However, further study can be done to explore what other potential factors that may cause participants still having fear after the evangelism training and the possible methods to dissolve this problem. For instance, does the personal character of participants play the role in doing personal evangelism without fear? What kind of character and are there any correlation between evangelism and participants’ spiritual gift of evangelism while they practice personal evangelism? 118 Chapter Five: Implications of the Findings Introduction: It is understood that training should not be overstated as a magic method to solve all evangelism problems. This researcher would suggest it is reasonable to agree that evangelism training is important to any evangelicals and it should be considered as a basic threshold for those whom wish to do witnessing. This project had been designed with the purpose of equipping participants with the ability and confidence for personal evangelism. Chapter one provided the statistic that showed fear was one of the underlying problems that discouraged evangelicals from witnessing with evangelism. Hence, the research question asked “How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers?” The study focused upon Chinese attendees at any Chinese churches in Calgary. Chapter two offered various definitions of evangelism. An approach to evangelism would be more precise if evangelicals know what evangelism means to them. Evangelism is a life time process and evangelicals agree it is one of their responsibilities to tell the good news to nonbelievers throughout their lives. This chapter briefly noted the ethical issues surrounding witnessing and the need to conduct this with integrity. Although the work of evangelism includes more than the speaking to people, this research also includes a study on evangelism is the beginning stage for spiritual formation and life transformation interweaves with evangelism and spiritual formation. 119 Christ’s command ““Go into all the world and preach the gospel to all creation” 299 to His followers was written in the Scripture. However, the dilemma is that in sharing their faith, some may have fear. Based on the literature review, we hypothesized that this fear may include fear of rejection, failure, lack of ability or confidence, and lack of experience with reliable methods. Evangelism training is thus considered as one of the methods to respond to these problems. Generally speaking, people’s skills in a particular field can be enhanced through the effective learning. Once they have knowledge and go through a good intentional practice, their confidence can be built up and their ability affirmed. This project sought to ask, “Would evangelism training positively impact their ability and confidence in doing evangelism?” Many Biblical principles and teachings about evangelism could be found and extracted throughout the Scripture. However, Biblical principles that undergird evangelism as described in chapter three were essentially based on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles. This researcher focused the study on Jesus Christ’s teachings and commands in evangelism. By knowing His plan and strategy in evangelism, participants should be able to lift up their faith to God when they practice evangelism. As the Scripture said, “Did I not say to you that if you would believe you would see the glory of God?” 300 Chapter four included the results of the findings. The findings were encouraging and suggested that the training taught in class helped them to reduce their fear and thus had the positive impact on their ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers. 299 Mark 16:16 NIV 300 John 11:40 NKJV 120 Implication from this Research Project We readily acknowledge that the learning event has reduced but not eliminated the fear factor. However, too much fear may undermine their ability and reduce their confidence to do things like personal evangelism. Thirty percent of the participants (refer to Table 5 in chapter four301) had indicated they still had some fear even after the evangelism training. From this result we may acknowledge that “fear free” evangelism is unlikely to be achieved. Even the great evangelist, Paul, needed God’s strength to preach the gospel boldly throughout his life’s ministry302. In the beginning of his ministry, Acts described, “[Paul] boldly preached about the kingdom of God and taught about the Lord Jesus Christ, …”303 Even when Paul was in his missional ministry for many years, he still mentioned about fear – “I may declare it fearlessly, as I should” when he wrote Ephesians. “Pray also for me, that whenever I speak, words may be given me so that I will fearlessly make known the mystery of the gospel, for which I am an ambassador in chains. Pray that I may declare it fearlessly, as I should.”304 Having fear towards unpredictable tasks seems to be inevitable; evangelicals need to cope with the fear. However, evangelicals should know having fear is not necessarily bad because “The fear of the LORD is the beginning of knowledge…” 305 Having fear in By affirming God’s presence with them and 301 See, 114. 302 There are some scattered Scriptures mentioning about Paul had to boldly share the gospel since the first day he was converted (Acts 9:27-29, 13:46, 14:3); Refer to Romans 15:15; Ephesians 6:19-20; Thess. 2:2; Hebrews 13:6). At his ministry time, there were such a strong opposition from the Jews, hostile secular society towards Christian faith and also the prosecution from the legal entity like Pharisees and the Sadducees; chief priests and the elders. (Reference: Acts 23: 12-15) even God encourage Paul, “The following night the Lord stood near Paul and said, ‘Take courage! As you have testified about me in Jerusalem, so you must also testify in Rome’.” (Acts 23:11) 303 Acts 28:31 New Century Version Italic added. 304 Ephesians 6:19-20 NIV Italic added. 305 Preoverbs 1:7 NKJV. 121 having the comfort and power from the Holy Spirit, they are strengthened to cope with fear well while they are doing personal evangelism. Here are some implications this researcher observed along this line: 1. Evangelism training effectively encourages evangelicals to become involved in sharing their faith with others; and thus fulfills God’s commission. When the question: “I want to evangelize because I need to fulfill God’s commission.” was asked, there was 14% increase in “strongly agree” (39% before training to 53% after training) and total 8% decreased from both “disagree” and “strongly disagree”. (Refer to Table I in Appendix N) Though the variation in percentage was not a significant change, combining 14% increase in strongly agree and total 8% drop in disagree would add up to the total change of 22%. This change more or less reflected their willingness to participate in evangelism was higher than before the training event. We may infer that they can be encouraged to become involved in sharing their faith with others; and thus fulfill God’s commission. 2. Evangelism training helped to enhance participants’ confidence level in evangelism. In chapter two, this researcher mentioned “Scott Dawson did the evangelism survey to more than six thousand Christians from sixteen States on why people have a hard time sharing their faith; he found, ‘The response most often given was ignorance. A majority of believers in this country do not have enough confidence in their knowledge of their faith to share it with another individual’.”306 If that is the case, it provided one of the reasons why people do not have enough confidence to share their faith. But if people know every step of how to do something properly, they will have confidence to do the work right and well. 306 Refer to chapter two, 18. 122 One participants’ feedback indicated “Biblical teaching in this training guided me and strengthened my faith in evangelism.” Another expressed “I have learned how to share my faith from this evangelism training, and thus I have full confidence to evangelize to other people”. From Table 8 in chapter four307, 49% participants indicated “After this evangelism training class, my attitude and faith towards sharing my faith had been change and uplifted.” Hence, Biblical teachings and techniques about evangelism taught in this evangelism training helped to enhance participants’ confidence level when they did evangelism 3. Evangelism training helped to remove misunderstanding of evangelism. Some evangelicals may associate they were “the shouting zealot” or a salesperson “hard selling” a product to a customer if they do personal evangelism. 308 Some may think that they have to fully equip themselves so as they know how to answer tough gospel questions. This kind of thinking is considered as their misunderstanding of evangelism. In this evangelism training, this researcher taught that God commanded evangelicals to share their faith; their intention is not to hard selling any “faith product”. They do witness for God because they are the compassionate people. It is difficult to find an objective standard to measure whether a person is fully equipped to do evangelism. After the training, 53% participants indicated “I know God will help me out anytime.”309, and 28% participants indicated “’I do not have enough knowledge how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions’ is no longer the concern to me. I can boldly face this challenge”310, they were encouraged and some of their misunderstanding about evangelism was 307 Table 8: Reasons for having no fear in doing evangelism after this training in chapter four. , 118. 308 Refer to Chapter One, , 4 and , 9 respectively. 309 Refer to Table 8: Reasons for having no fear in doing evangelism after this training in chapter four. , 118 310 Ibid. ,118. 123 cleared. They have faith to let the Holy Spirit to guide them what to say and how to answer challenging gospel questions. Even though they eventually cannot answer all challenging questions, it does not bother them. Misunderstanding of evangelism may arouse fear and diminish their confidence. After the training, the percentage of participants indicated “Fear of don’t know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions” dropped from 31% to 4% and “Fear of others mis-treat them as “religious zealous” dropped from 11% to 0%.311 This result inferred that evangelism training helped to remove participants’ misunderstanding in evangelism. 4. Evangelism training may help to broaden evangelicals’ mission mind. This evangelism training required participants to share the gospel to their friends, some strangers in the street/mall, and their colleagues in their working places. Some participants were aware there is also a huge mission opportunity within their local communities. Their mindset was broadened and they may find ministry in the market place could be something they should be explored. They realized there was a good potential to do mission within their daily living circle as well. They consider a mission field should not necessarily be limited to overseas long or short term mission; it could be a local mission in their hometown. Hence, evangelism training may open up evangelicals’ mindset and help them to enlarge their evangelism boundary. 5. To arrange a practicum within evangelism training is important. If participants learned evangelism solely by lectures in the classroom, they will gain knowledge in their heads. The deficiency would be they may lack of the hands-on practical knowledge. Since doing evangelism is not simply head knowledge, participants’ real time gospel 311 Refer to chapter four, Table 7: Comparison table for participants’ “Reasons of Fear” before and after the Training.” ,117. 124 action is required. It may be less beneficial or dynamic if participants’ practicing evangelism was a go home assignment. The bad mood and lacking of self discipline of a participant would affect the accomplishment time of an assignment. If the practicum was compulsory within the class time, participants had no choice of not doing the assignment on time. From some participants’ written feedback, “The most challenging part was to calm down myself not to be afraid to initiate the talking to strangers in the mall. Once I had done this several times, I had more confidence to keep on doing my personal evangelism.”; “I overcame the fear of leaving out my comfort zone.”; and “I used to be afraid of sharing the gospel because I did not know how to do it, but now I was grateful to learn how to share the gospel to people.” It was good to let them go through the practicum from the training. Or otherwise, they may not have a chance to obtain these unique and valuable learning experiences. Hence, it is important to arrange practicum in evangelism training. 6. Sharing the Gospel as a team is a supportive and encouraging method. From the verbal communication we had during the section of “Case Study & Testimony Sharing (Immediate discussion to some particular cases from above Gospel Action)” in the afternoon, some participants expressed “if I am alone or with my partner to go out to do evangelism, my hidden inner fear and uneasiness will probably discourage me to move on. But now, it is totally different for I have so many people in one time to launch out doing evangelism together. I love this “good spirit” environment.” Corporate “good spirit” environment created in the training provided the warm and encouraging atmosphere, helping them to go out to do evangelism with an up-lifting spirit. 125 As the Scripture says, “Two are better than one, Because they have a good reward for their labor … And a threefold cord is not quickly broken.” 312 And in Jesus Christ’s time, Jesus commanded seventy disciples to go out two by two to preach the gospel as described in Luke 10, “After these things the Lord appointed seventy others also, and sent them two by two before His face into every city and place where He Himself was about to go.”313 In this evangelism training, forty five participants were arranged into group of two to practice evangelism in different places. It was purposely arranged in this way in order to follow Christ’s model of sending large group (seventy) of disciples out two by two. Large group of people launching out to do the same mission at the same time meant quite a lot to them. It was a good supportive setting in a sense of psychologically and spiritually for it created a good atmosphere conducive to them to go out to practice evangelism. The Apostle Paul also had partners to co-work with him to preach the gospel. Barnabas was his partner in the beginning of his mission trip. After their contention and Barnabas’s departure314 (as he chose Mark as his partner to continue his own mission trip), Luke joined and accompany with him during most of his ministry time. Hence, the model of dispatching many two-by-two (or having a partner) to share the gospel to the community should still be an applicable strategy today. Ecclesiastes 4: 9-12 “Two are better than one, Because they have a good reward for their labor. For if they fall, one will lift up his companion. But woe to him who is alone when he falls, For he has no one to help him up. Again, if two lie down together, they will keep warm; But how can one be warm alone? Though one may be overpowered by another, two can withstand him. And a threefold cord is not quickly broken.” NKJV 312 313 Luke 10:1 NKJV. 314 Refer to Acts 15:36-41. 126 7. Evangelism training provides a platform to gather the like-minded evangelicals to practice personal evangelism together. Evangelicals with the heart to do evangelism usually would like to meet the like-minded people because they can share the common interest and joy together. Thus, evangelism training opened up a platform to gather the like-minded evangelicals together so that they had the mutual support and encouragement to participate in personal evangelism. From the verbal communication among participants in the Case Study & Testimony Sharing after each Gospel Actions in the training, some evangelicals whom are enthusiastic in evangelism sometime feel like a lone ranger, for they could not find the like minded partner in evangelism. This evangelism training could serve as a platform so that they could group together and allowed them to know there were some people working evangelism out there. Even though they may sometimes do personal evangelism alone, they would not have the lonely feeling. 8. Evangelicals with dedicated commitment in evangelism changed the mind-set of some participants and thus help them to become a doer in evangelism. Some evangelicals decided to join evangelism training because of their dedicated commitment. They wanted to equip themselves to share the gospel to other people without too much hesitation whenever they have a chance. But some evangelicals might join evangelism training because they felt obligated to respond to Jesus Christ’s command. They thought they should allow themselves to have a chance to response to it. After they had worked together with these dedicated evangelicals, their commitment, sacrifices and enthusiasm in evangelism set a good model to them. Their good and rewarding experience in doing personal evangelism during the training also gave them the positive impact. Because of these “somehow I am obligated to do evangelism” participants changed their mind set and attitude, they decided to commit more in 127 evangelism in their later days. Their feedback matched with this researcher’s quote in chapter two, “As Paul Little pointed out, ‘Our thoughts and attitudes determine our actions.’ 315 and ‘Our thinking shapes our actions. Sometimes a simple adjustment in our thinking can have farreaching repercussions…’ 316 If evangelicals understand and well receive this message, then learning how to do evangelism is something we have to do, not something we want to do.”317 The outcome would be, once their mind set changed towards evangelism, they would have become the doer, rather than a dreamer in evangelism. 9. Participants’ passion for evangelism is independent of evangelism training. Generally speaking, to teach people to have skills to do something is not hard, but would they have the passion to do it would be another issue. When this item was posed, “I want to evangelize because I have a passion to tell the gospel to other people.” The result (See Table III in Appendix N) showed there was not much changed before and after this evangelism training. For example, no change in “slightly agree” (9% before training and also 9% after training), the total percentage of both “agree and strongly agree” was 86% before training and 84% after training. This result indicated if evangelicals have the passion to do evangelism, they would have come and joined the training. Since their passion and burden in evangelism was already there, it inferred a few weeks evangelism training would help them to increase their confidence to do evangelism. Last but not least, 315 Little, Paul. Guide to Evangelism. Downers Grove ILL.: IVP, 1977. , 11. 316 Harney, Kevin G. Organic Outreach for Churches. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ., 2011. , 59. 317 See Chapter Two, , 19. 128 10. Evangelicals should receive evangelism training before they share their faith. As mentioned in the beginning of this chapter, although evangelism training cannot be overstated as a magic to solve all the evangelism problems, this researcher would suggest it is reasonable to agree that evangelicals should receive evangelism training before they launch out to do evangelism. This implication matched with point #3 (see below quote with highlighted in italic by this researcher) of E. Hoogen’s five demands, he mentioned to local churches members if they wanted to live their lives as a witness in their world: “(1) all evangelism would be personal and conducted through the members of the body of Christ; (2) we would become practicing intercessors before we practiced evangelism; (3) there would be no evangelism without training in evangelism and discipleship; (4) there would be no training in evangelism without immediate application; (5) there would be no evangelism without immediate and direct personal discipleship of those who made professions of faith.” 318 (Italic added) If evangelicals want to commit their life in practicing evangelism, they should concur it is relevant and important for those whom would like to involve in evangelism, should always undergo evangelism training before any evangelism actions are preceded. Relationship of the Findings to Scripture and Theological Teachings 1. Confidence seemed to increase as people had an opportunity to share their own personal story. From Acts 1:8, “But you shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you; and you shall be witnesses to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the end of the earth.” (NKJV) Based on the insight of Luke captured Jesus’ word “witness” in Acts to start spreading the gospel, this researcher put the emphasis in the evangelism training on teaching participants how to present their salvation stories in different context. People have different 318 Hoogen, E. Joel Van. Pathway to the Soul. Camp Hill, Penn.: Wing Spread Publ., 2013. , xviii 129 stories of how and why they came to Christ – how God freed them from fear of death, lost of health/fortune, feeling lack of love, a life without meaning and purpose, finding no life satisfaction regardless how much physical possessions they owned, and so forth. These were the real life stories people interested to listen. Evangelicals should have confidence to tell their own unique salvation testimonies for these were their true and real happenings to their lives. This coincides with the Biblical principle imbedded in the word “witness”. The more they shared their own salvation stories, their confidence seemed to increase as they treasured every opportunity to give their witness. 2. Their witness aroused non-believers’ interest in spirituality. This is the extension to the above thought. When participants share their faith to nonbelievers, they experienced some people had not much interest in knowing the theological thoughts such as human beings’ sin and God’s salvation. However, after listening to their personal testimonies, they began to express their interest to know more about the gospel for they want to know, would they have the same goodness happened in their lives. Participants thought that “doing witness” as described in Acts “be witnesses to Me” is an approachable way to share the gospel and attract them to listen. 3. Evangelicals share the gospel; but it is the Holy Spirit’s work to move people to Christ. Witnessing by telling personal salvation stories is important in this pragmatic society, but it is equally important to interweave God’s words in our witnesses. From the Scripture “Therefore I want you to know that no one who is speaking by the Spirit of God says, “Jesus be 130 cursed,” and no one can say, “Jesus is Lord,” except by the Holy Spirit.”319, so it is important for evangelicals to know, it is their responsibility to share the gospel, but it is the Holy Spirit’s work to move people to Christ. In this evangelism training, this researcher not only covered how to present their witness, participants were required to memorize as many significant Scriptures about God’s salvation plan as possible. God’s Words can speak to people’s heart, “For the word of God is living and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the division of soul and spirit, and of joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart.”320 and “But the Advocate, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in my name, will teach you all things and will remind you of everything I have said to you.”321. Usually people should have confidence if they already know what they are going to say. Similarly, participants (in addition to telling their stories) should have better confidence to share the gospel to unchurched people if they could memorize selected evangelism scriptures322 well and present them systematically. Even though some participants might not be able to memorize those Scriptures, they could have all the related Scriptures written on their “cheat sheet” as a good reminder to follow while they were presenting the gospel. 319 1 Cor. 12:3 NIV 320 Hebrews 4:12 NKJV 321 John 14:26 NIV 322 All the significant evangelism Scriptures were taught in class and the hand-out was distributed to participants. See Appendix V for the list of the significant evangelism Scriptures, original was Chinese, but the content of this list was the English translation. 131 Applications of the Research This research suggested this evangelism training had a good impact on the participants’ ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers. One proper application of this research proposed that they could be organized to form a church Local Mission Group (LMG). The mandate of this LMG would be as simple as to keep these trained evangelicals involving in evangelism continuously. Since they had done the weekly evangelism outreaching during the training, the frequency of LMG mission meeting schedule could be kept as often as once a week. The meeting time could be adjusted to their needs. Their meetings may include fellowship time to have the mutual support and the encouragement to keep on practicing evangelism, arrange different outreaching opportunities to different places in different occasions, promote evangelistic meetings for the whole church, and so forth. It would be good to put LMG becoming part of the fiber of the church. Since this evangelism training had equipped them on how to present a short message on their own unique testimonies in public speaking, they could be special guest speakers to share their testimonies in about five to ten minutes in addition to the regular meeting with the regular speakers. These meetings can be in a Sunday Service, in a church evangelistic meeting, or a mission conference. Taking five to ten minutes of these meetings should not be a big concern, but to them, they obtain a chance to witness God and through the process of telling how Jesus Christ had changed their life, their confidence should be built up. Many churches have discipleship programs and these programs prepare them to practice solitude in order to nurture their inner life and have spiritual growth. These solitude practices in discipleship may include both private and public sectors, but usually they are rather passive. So this researcher included outreaching evangelism actions in order to make the training more 132 dynamic. Since this researcher had discussed “The doing list of spiritual formation should include practicing evangelism” 323 in chapter two, it would be a good balance if the evangelism outreaching actions are included in a rather static discipleship program. To evangelicals emphasizing on discipleship, the application of this research would be, encourage them not only to have the personal quiet time, but they also need outreaching public time to meet people; encourage them not only to have the interactive time with their fellows, but also they need to work together to practice evangelism. Recommendations for Further Study 1. What are the unique roles of the gifted evangelist in a church? Committed evangelicals with different gifts are needed to build up a church. Paul said, “So Christ himself gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers, to equip his people for works of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up.”324 Are “the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers” mentioning here referred to officer titles, people with such gifts from God or both? Previous to this, Paul talked about the gifts from God (refer to Ephesians 4:7-9). If we followed Paul’s thought, people with these gifts should also be included in order to build up the body of Christ. As K Snodgrass commented, “The gifts Christ gives to the church are people to promote serving and building up. This text [Eph. 4:11-12] teaches both about gifts and about institutional order.”325 Hence, if we agreed with the following interpretation: the apostles mean “people with the spiritual gift of doing church planting” (like Paul planted many churches in his mission trips), the prophets mean 323 Chapter Two, , 39. 324 Ephesians 4:11-12. NIV 325 Snodgrass, Klyne The NIV Application Commentary (Ephesians). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 1996. , 202. Italtic is the original script. 133 “people with the spiritual gift of preaching (as described in 1 Corinthians 14), the evangelists mean “people with the spiritual gift of doing evangelism” (like Philip in Acts 8), the pastors mean “people with the spiritual gift of shepherding the church” and teachers mean “people with the spiritual gift of teaching” (refer to 1 Corinthians 12:4-11), then this researcher’s recommendation for further study would be, what are the unique roles of the gift evangelist in the church? How do people with different gifts work together in the broad work of evangelism? Some evangelicals may have the fear to do evangelism because they think they are neither not spiritually mature enough nor have confidence and ability to practice evangelism well. As a consequence, they would rather choose to believe they are not the gifted people in evangelism so they can excuse themselves not to involve in any evangelism actions. So would evangelism training help evangelicals to re-think the role of the gift of evangelism and how important would it be for evangelicals to possess the gift of evangelism to do evangelism? 2. What role or influence does personality have in the work of witnessing? It is not unusual to discover some people will perform a better work than the other upon the same job assignment. Would the personality of the people make the work difference? Similarly, what role does personality play in doing personal evangelism? Instruments such as the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Personality Dimensions or others might provide insights into the relationship between personality and evangelism. For example, there are four types of people in Personality Dimensions326. Would evangelicals possess certain type of personality will 326 PD in Action 2004 by Career/LifeSkills Resources Inc. Concord, ON., Canada. Four types of people are Inquiring Green (Knowledge & Competence); Organized Gold (Belonging Through Duty & Responsibility); Authentic Blue (Relationships & Self Actualization); and Resourceful Orange (Freedom, Activity & Varity). 134 do better work of witnessing? So what role or influence does personality have in the work of witnessing? 3. What is the relationship between confidence in evangelism and willingness to participate in overseas mission? Some churches offer various overseas long or short term mission trips and encourage their members to join. Some evangelicals think going on a mission trip would be their least choice because they may have fear; feeling/knowing their ability may be inadequate. They also did not have much confident they could make it well. Some evangelicals would try evangelism training, as one of the means to test whether they are suitable for a mission trip in the future. After joining the training, if they discovered practicing evangelism was not as tough as what they had thought; would they express their interest and seriously looking at the possibility of having an overseas mission trip? So what is the relationship between confidence in evangelism and willingness to do the overseas mission? Does this type of training enhance the willingness of people to consider overseas mission trip? 4. How effective would it be if witnessing is included into the mainly social concern programs? Chapter two had mentioned “There is sometimes tension between these two camps – one camp emphasizes meeting their physical needs before any evangelism can be done, while the other camp defends their sin and spiritual emptiness is the priority issue that needed to be addressed first, before any physical needs are to be fulfilled.” 327 And this researcher agreed Scott Moreau’s comment towards this issue, “[some] contend that evangelism involves only the gospel declaration, while others identify it essentially with establishing a caring presence in society or 327 Chapter two of this dissertation, , 27. 135 seeking to rectify injustice. It should be clear that both are necessary. One without the other leaves a distorted impression of the good news. ” 328 Since this evangelism training did not involve any gospel actions in a Christian organization involve in social concern such as Mustard Seeds, Hope Mission, or any Christian organization helping street and homeless people, would it be a meaningful join-venture if participants can directly share the gospel message (to fulfill their spiritual need) in these social organizations while they are helping their physical need? How effective would it be if witnessing is included into their mainly “providing food and shelter” (social concern) program? 5. Would an organized mission program afterwards help evangelicals continue to do evangelism? Evangelism training is only a onetime event. How can this evangelism momentum initiated by evangelism training be sustained? One suggestion to a church is to continue to uphold evangelism group actions ceaselessly from time to time after evangelism training, so that evangelicals’ enthusiasm in practicing evangelism would not be faded out easily. If this suggestion is valid, it is worthwhile to have a future study: would an organized mission program of a church from time to time keep evangelicals continuously practicing evangelism? How frequent they launch out to do evangelism and would their gospel actions continuously bring the quantity growth to a church? Would this evangelicals’ evangelism commitment help them to become a more mature disciples and thus bring the quality growth of a church? 328 Moreau, A. Scott (Editor) Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books Publ. 2000. , 342. 136 6. Would the response of gospel takers help to improve the future evangelism strategy planning? From this researcher’s project, it inferred evangelism training would have positive impact to participants’ ability and confidence. How about the recipients such as their friends’ friends, colleagues in their working place and even residents from their door to door visitation? It is worthwhile to have a further study to investigate how do the recipients feel about their sharing of the gospel? If we find out “What would their responses after hearing the gospel?”; “What was their level of interest towards gospel?”; “Would they have the feeling of being offended?”; “Would they join the church later?” and so forth, would their feedback help to improve the future evangelism strategy planning of a church and should any necessary modification needed to upgrade the content of the evangelism training? If the above findings were acknowledged, evangelicals may consider would these results help to recognize evangelism training be one of the effective methods to bring the church quantity growth? Or even the quality growth? Conclusion: Jesus Christ's announced His missional declaration in the very beginning of His earthly Ministry as recorded in Luke 4:18-19 329 Throughout His life, Jesus Christ fulfilled God’s redemption plan to all humanity. Then Jesus Christ concluded His ministry with His missional Luke 4:18-19 “The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me, because He has anointed Me to preach the gospel to the poor; He has sent Me to heal the broken hearted, to proclaim liberty to the captives and recovery of sight to the blind, to set at liberty those who are oppressed; To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord.” (NJKV) 329 137 commandment in the very end as recorded in Matthew 28:19-20.330 Therefore, it is beyond doubt that Christ’s followers should follow His missional steps. If we agree with Dan Kimball’s words on “being missional”: “Being missional means that the church sees itself as being missionaries, rather than having a missions department, and that we see ourselves as missionaries right where we live; Being missional means that we see ourselves as representatives of Jesus “sent” into our communities, and that the church aligns everything it does with the missio dei (mission of God).”331, Then the aim of this evangelism training matched with what he had said about “being missional”, we endure to help evangelicals to go out to share the gospel boldly and equip them so that they know they have the ability to do it right and should have confidence to be “being missional”. This evangelism training has inferred this aim is achievable. Even though some evangelicals may have a disinclination to share gospel to people, they feel they are obligated to share good news. Church leaders should help them to change their attitude from disinclination to positively involve in evangelism. Since this project inferred this evangelism training had the positive impact on evangelicals’ ability and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers, it is suggested evangelism training should be a good tool to train evangelicals to do evangelism. Paul’s commitment in evangelism was “to win as many as possible” 332 and according to Acts 28:30-31, he even under house arrest, he did it with confidence, knowing that God’s will is 330 Matthew 28:19-20 19 Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, 20 teaching them to observe all things that I have commanded you; and lo, I am with you always, even to the end of the age.” Amen. (NJKV) 331 Kimball, Dan. They Like Jesus But Not the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ., 2008. , 20. 332 1 Corinthians 9:16-23 NKJV 138 by all means to let any people come to hear the gospel. Evangelicals should have no doubt that the actualization of Paul’s evangelism conviction is still feasible in nowadays. If evangelicals agree “Most of our obstacles would melt away if, instead of cowering before them, we should make up our minds to walk boldly through them.”333, then evangelism training is a suitable, right means to help them to make up their minds so that they will not shy away from doing evangelism as before. “God has acted decisively in Christ to save the human race. Herein lies the ultimate answer to the problems of the human race. If we love this world as God does, we will want to tell it of this liberating good news.” 334 The bottom line is: It’s not good news until we tell it. 333 Marden, Orison Swett. Quoted from Web site: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/o/orison_swett_marden_2.html Date accessed: Nov. 22, 2015. 334 Fernando, Ajith The NIV Application Commentary (ACTS). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publ. 1998. , 632. 139 Appendix A Participants Consent Form April 13, 2013. How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability, confidence, and enthusiasm in sharing their faith to non-believers? Principal Investigator: Albert Kwan, Doctor of Ministry student, ACTS Seminaries / Trinity Western University, Faculty Advisor: Daryl Busby , Ph.D. Director of Doctor of Ministry Program, Dean of Canadian Baptist Seminary. Purpose: The intent of this project is to encourage and empower Christians to share Christian Faith to the people with other faith in the daily life. Procedures: You have the free-will to come to this Training Class with no obligation but expected you to commit to finish this 3-weekends training together with other Christians from various Chinese Churches. The language of the whole training will be conducted in Cantonese. (All the teaching material will be translated to English for the D.Min Dissertation submission and review.) After you volunteer to register to this 3 weekend evangelism training class, you are required to fill in the survey form in the beginning of the first class. After the last class, you are essentially required to fill in the same survey form, but with the additional questions at the back of the survey for you to answer. Potential Risks and Discomforts: The potential of risk to you is minimal. However, there exists in such a study the possibility of some uneasiness or discomforts may arise when you need to share the faith to other people. You may experience some embarrassing situation/dilemma if you come across to face some faith challenging questions from the people that you may not handle/answer. These potential risks and discomforts will be mentioned in the Training class so as to give you some preparation how to resolve/face this kind of situation. It can also be managed because Holy Spirit inside you will help and comfort you to overcome these difficulties. Potential Benefits to Participants and/or to Society: By teaching you the basic skills and the right attitude towards how to share your faith; plus requiring you to go out to the field to have the real touch to share the good news to other people, you will be benefited from this faith practice that you will have confidence and the passion to do evangelism now and then. Other benefit may 140 include there will be more new people/converts added to your church. Sharing the gospel to the people may bring positive beneficial moral impact in your community. Confidentiality: Any information that is obtained in connection with this study and that can be identified with you will remain confidential and will be disclosed only with your permission or as required by law. All the anonymous survey forms or related documents are kept in locked file cabinet and not any names will be linked with any information. Remuneration/Compensation: There will be no remuneration or compensation for this research study. Contact for information about the study: If you have any questions or desire further information with respect to this study, you may contact Albert Kwan. Contact for concerns about the rights of research participants: If you have any concerns about your treatment or rights as a research participant, you may contact in the Office of Research, Trinity Western University. Consent: Your participation in this study is entirely voluntary and you may refuse to participate or withdraw from the study at any time without jeopardy to your work and/or your participation in your own church. If you want to withdraw from this study, you may notify this researcher by written notice. The deadline of the withdraw notice should be given before the second training class begins. Signatures Your signature below indicates that you have had your questions about the study answered to your satisfaction and have received a copy of this consent form for your own records. Your signature indicates that you consent to participate in this study and that your responses may be put in anonymous form and kept for further use after the completion of this study. ___________________________________________ Research Participant Signature _______________________ Date _____________________________________________________________ Printed Name of the Research Participant signing above 141 Appendix B Evangelism Survey Date （日期）:_________________________ Please indicate （請指明）: □ I fill in the following BEFORE this evangelism training (我是在接受此佈道訓練之前填寫) □ I fill in the following AFTER this evangelism training (我是在接受此佈道訓練之後填寫) Part I. General Status (第一部份 普通資料) 1. Gender (性別) □ □ Male (男) Female (女) 2. Age group (年齡組別) □ 18 – 25 years (歲) □ 26 – 35 years (歲) □ 46 – 50 years (歲) □ 51 and above (50 歲以上) □ 36 – 45 years (歲) 3. How long have you been coming to this church? (你參加這教會有多久？) ________ year(s)（年） 4. Your church background (你教會的背景): □ C&MA Alliance (宣道會) □ Baptist (浸信會) □ Evangelical Free (播道會) □ Lutheran (信義會) □ Pentecostal (神召會) □ Other, please specify (其他，請註明) ____________________________________ 142 Part II. About Evangelism (有關佈道) 1. To my understanding (據我個人的理解) A. Evangelism is a process (佈道是一個過程) □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) B. Evangelism is only one of many Church programmed events (佈道只是教會衆多節目 之一) □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) C. Evangelism is only for gifted people who can do it (只有傳福音有恩賜的人才去佈 道。) □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 143 D. Every believer should actively share their faith with others. (每一個信主的人都應活 躍地向其他人傳福音) □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 2. Have you received any evangelism training before? (你之前曾否接受過有關佈道的訓練？) □ Yes. (有) Please check below box(es) applicable to you： (請選出以下適用於你 的 方格)： □ Church Sunday School Curriculum (主日學課程) □ Campus Crusade (學園傳道會) □ Evangelism Explosion (「三福」佈道訓練) □ Other Organization providing Evangelism Training, please specify: (其他福音機構舉辦 的佈道訓練講座，請註明：) ＿＿＿＿＿＿ ＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿ Approximate how long ago was your last training? (那次的佈道訓練，大槪離開現在有多久？) ___________________ □ PLEASE NOTE: Check this box only if you have finished this Evangelism Training by this researcher (請注意：若你完成今次的 佈道訓練，才填這方格。) □ No (沒有) 144 3. Please answer the following statement, True or False （請回答以下的聲明，「是」或 「否」）: “I have not done personal evangelism because I have some level of fear.” (我沒有 做個人佈道，是因為我有一定程度的懼怕。). □ False （否）, Please skip and go to Question 4 below（請跳去回答問題 4） □ True （是）, Please answer the following：（請回答以下的問題：） Since your answer is “True, I have fear “, Please use the scale 1 to 5 to describe your fear, please circle one. (由於你的答案是： 「是的，我有懼怕。」請以 1 至 5，來衡量你有多懼怕，請圏出你的「懼怕指數」。) 「1 」= very little fear (少少懼怕)； 「2 」= some fear (有點懼怕)； 「3 」= fear (懼怕) 「4 」=very fear (非常懼怕)； 「5 」= Extremely Fear (極度懼怕)。 1 2 3 4 5 Would you be willing to describe what your fear is? For example： (你可否描述你有什麽懼怕，例如：) A. □ Feeling ashamed （有羞耻／面懵感）__________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ B. □ Fear to talk to people especially to strangers (懼怕與人談話，尤其是與陌生人) __________________________________________________________________________ C. □ Fear or not comfortable to initiate to talk spiritual things to people (懼怕與人主動提 出談論心靈、信仰的事情) ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ D. □ Fear of don’t know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions （懼怕不知 如何回答，他們所提出挑戰信仰的問題) _______________________________________ 145 __________________________________________________________________________ E. □ Worry about how they look at you and think that you are crazy （擔心不知人如何看 你，以為你發神經）________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ F. □ Fear of others mis-treat you as “religious zealous” （懼怕別人誤將你當作宗教狂熱 份子）_____________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ G. □ Other （其他）________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (Please skip Question 4 below and go to answer Question 5.)（請略過以下第四條的問題，並 直接去回答第五條問題） 4. If your answer in Question 3 is “False”, that means you don’t have fear to do personal evangelism.（ 若你第三條問題的答案是「否」，這表示你做個人佈道時，你是沒有什 麼懼怕。） Would you be willing to describe why you have not fear? For example: (你可否描述為什 麼你沒有懼怕，例如：) A. □ After this Evangelism Training Class, my attitude and faith towards sharing my faith had been change and uplifted.（我上完今次佈道訓練之後，我對我傳福音的態度已改觀 和我傳福音的信心亦提升了。） ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ B. □ After this Evangelism Training Class, I can relief from: “why should I worry about how other people look at me?” And so I can feel free to witness God.” （我上完今次佈道訓 146 練之後，我的心魔：「為什麽我要擔心別人用什麼眼光看我？」得以解除，所以我可 以毫無拘束地見證神。）_____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ C. □I know God will help me out anytime. （因我知道，神是我隨時的幫助。） __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ D. □ Trusting God I do my best, HE does the rest.（相信神，當我盡做到最好，神會做餘 下的工作。）_______________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ E. □ “I have no enough knowledge how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions” is no longer the concern or fear to me. I can boldly face this challenge. （我已經不再懼怕或 擔心：「我沒有足夠知識，回答他們反信仰的問題。」我已能夠無畏地面對這挑戰） __________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 5. “I have not done personal evangelism because I do not have confidence.” (我沒有做個人佈 道，是因為我沒有把握或自信。). □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 6. If your answer in Question 5 is “Slightly agree to Strongly agree”, then answer this question. （若你第五條問題的答案是由「稍為同意」至「非常同意」，請你回答以下問題。） Would you be willing to describe why you agree you don’t have confidence? For example: （你可否描述，為什麼你同意：你是沒有把握，或自信傳福音，例如：) 147 A. □ Because there is no effective evangelism tools to help me. （因為我沒有有效的佈 道工具幫我。）__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ B. □ I have no idea what to start or where to start the conversation.（我應該從何時開 或怎樣開始談話，我是毫無頭緖。）________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ C. □ Have doubt whether God uses me or how can God use me.（我會猶疑神會否用我、 或神可以怎様用我。）_______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ D. □ How can I have confidence to share the faith if I do not have the good relationship with God at this present moment. （我現時與神的關係不好，我怎能有自信去傳福 音？）___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ E. □ I am not the gifted person in talking/sharing. (我不是一個有與人傾談／分享恩賜的 人) ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ F. □ Other （其他）________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ (Then, Skip to Question 8) (請跳去第 8 條問題) 7. If your answer in Question 5 is “Disagree to Strongly Disagree”, then answer this question. （若你第五條問題的答案是由「不同意」至「非常不同意」，請你回答以下問題。） 148 Would you be willing to describe why you disagree you don’t have confidence? For example: （你可否描述為什麼你不同意你是沒有把握或自信傳福音，例如：) A. □ I have learned how to share my faith from this Evangelism Training, and thus I have full confidence to evangelize to other people. (我從這個佈道訓練，學了怎樣 傳福音，因此我有充足的自信，去向其他人傳福音。) _________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ B. □ I have confidence God will help me out every time I share my faith to others. (我有 信心，每次我傳福音時，神必然會幫助我。) _________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ C. □ I have overcome psychological barrier that “why should I worry about how other people look at me?” and so I feel free to witness God with confidence.（我已克服 心理障礙：「為什麼我還擔心別人用什麼眼光看我？」所以，我抱有自信，很自由 地見證神。）____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ D. □ Even though I may not know how to answer their challenging anti-faith questions, I can boldly ask myself : why should I lose confidence to share the gospel just because of that?（雖然我或許不懂得回答他們種種反擊信仰的問題，但我會坦誠自 問：「我是否就因此而失去自信心去傳福音？）______________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ E. □ Other（其他）________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 149 8. I have not done personal evangelism because I have insufficient training, （我沒有做個人佈 道，是因為我沒有得到足夠訓練。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 9. I have no ability for I am not gifted in evangelism. （我沒有能力傳福音，是因為我没有這 方面的恩賜。） □ □ □ □ □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) Disagree (不同意) Slightly agree (稍為同意) Agree (同意) Strongly agree (非常同意) 10. I want to evangelize because: （我想傳福音，是因為：） A. I need to fulfill God’s commission （我要覆行神的大使命。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 150 B. People need to hear the good news. （人需要聽福音。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) C. I have a passion to tell the gospel to other people. （我有熱誠向其他人傳福音。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) D. Others (Please specify): （其他，請指明）__________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 11. I know I need to do evangelism but I excuse myself that it is the gifted-in-evangelism Christians’ job to do it.（我知我是要去傳福音，但我安慰我自己，傳福音的工作，是給 傳福音有恩睗的基督徒去做的。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 151 12. Frankly. I often miss God-given opportunities to share my faith? （坦白講，我經常錯失神 給我傳福音的機會。） □ □ □ □ □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) Disagree (不同意) Slightly agree (稍為同意) Agree (同意) Strongly agree (非常同意) 13. I have unknown fear or uncomfortable feeling to openly declare I am a Christian in front of all my colleagues in my work place. （在我工作的地方，我有莫名的恐懼和不安的感覺， 在我同事們面前，公開承認我是基督徒。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 152 (NOTE: This section needs NOT be filled in the beginning of this Evangelism Training, It will be completed only in the end class of this Training.) （注意：以下部份，在上這佈道訓練之前，是不用填寫。此欄只適用於上完此佈道訓練 之後，在最後課堂完結時，才填寫。） The following sections are to be completed after this Evangelism Training class: （以下部份， 請於上完這佈道訓練之後才塡寫。） I. Please indicate (請註明) : □ I have finished all 3 weekends Evangelism Training.（我已完成三個周六的佈道訓練） □ I have finished all 2 weekends Evangelism Training.（我已完成二個周六的佈道訓練） II. After this Evangelism Training, I believe: （上完這佈道訓練之後，我相信：） 1. I have a clear understanding of the Gospel message than before, and I can easily relate/apply it to other non-believers.（我比以前更清楚明白福音信息，和我容易將這福音信息連繁 應用到其他沒有信仰的人任身上。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 2. I am willing and ready to attempt to share the gospel at any time to any person when chances come up. （當機會來到，我是願意和準備好，隨時嘗試分享福音給任何人。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 153 3. I have more enthusiasm in evangelizing to other people. （我向別人傳福音的熱心增強 了。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 4. I have confidence and no fear in witnessing God in my work-place or in the public. （在我 工作的地方，我有自信、和無所懼怕地為神作見證。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 5. I have learned the skill how to witness God through the sharing of my personal testimony. （我已學暁，有技巧地，透過分享我個人的得救見証，為神作見證。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 154 6. I love and enjoy talking (that may lead to sharing the gospel) to people more than before. （比對從前，我更喜愛和享受與別人交談，方便我將談話引入福音。） □ Strongly disagree (非常不同意) □ Disagree (不同意) □ Slightly agree (稍為同意) □ Agree (同意) □ Strongly agree (非常同意) 7. Would you concur this Evangelism Training helps you to lift up your faith to God, and/or to overcome your fear when you share the gospel to other people?（你是可同意，當你傳福音 的時候，這佈道訓練能幫你建立你對神的信心，和∕或幫你克服內心的懼怕？） If Yes, why yes? （若你同意，為什麼同意？）___________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ If No, why no? （若你不同意，為什麼不同意？）________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 8. What were the most challenging parts in this Evangelism Training Course? （在這佈道訓練 課程中，有什麼部份對你而言是最具挑戰性？） ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 9. What changes would you suggest for improving this course? (你有什麽更改的建議，可改 善這佈道訓練課程？) ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 155 Appendix C Letter to Pastors & Church Leaders From: Rev. Albert Kwan To: XX Chinese Church (Rev XXX & All Deacons) Date: March 15, 2013 Subject: Evangelism Training in April 2013 Dear Senior Pastors and Church Elders, I am working on a dissertation project through Trinity Western University/ACTS Seminaries in which I need to hold the three weekends training on evangelism. This Evangelism Training is scheduled in April 13, 20 and 27, 2013 and is related to my Doctor of Ministry Research. I need to recruit people to come to this Evangelism Training to see how effective it works to them. Their coming to join and their written inputs and evaluations to this training afterwards is very important to my Research. My research theme is: How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability, and confidence in sharing their faith to non-believers? Calgary Chinese EF Church had promised to co-sponsor this Research. That is, the training place will be held in CCEFC (address: 1706 20 Ave. NW). This particular Evangelism Training takes the whole day (from 9:30am to 4pm) on 3 consecutive weekends ( Apr. 13, 20 and 27, 2013). All participants are required to commit to attend the whole Evangelism Training. This is the open invitation to all Adult Christians (must be at least 18 years old) from all Chinese Churches in Calgary to participate in this Evangelism Research. They are on volunteer basis to join. However, for all participants, this is the wonderful opportunity for them to meet many other brothers/sisters from other Churches. They can join hands and work together for God's Kingdom regardless of what church they come from. There will be no remuneration offered to participants. Please see the Posters (for the brief context of this Evangelism Training) enclosed with this letter. Please encourage your congregation to come to join this evangelism training event. If they are interested to join or have any enquiries, please contact Albert Kwan. Thank you for your help and your participation in my Doctor of Ministry Dissertation. Yours Sincerely, _______________________ A Kwan 156 Appendix D Oral script Oral script for initial contact of Senior Pastors/Leaders of various Chinese churches in Calgary: "Hello (Name of Sr. Pastor/leader), my name is Albert Kwan. I am a C&MA chaplain, serving at Christian Wing Kei Care Centre in Calgary, Alberta. I am working on a dissertation project through Trinity Western University/ACTS in which I need to hold the 3 weekends training on evangelism, that is to test “How do participants in an evangelism training program assess its impact on their ability, confidence, and enthusiasm in sharing their faith to non-believers?” All participants need to fill in the survey before and after training. The project seeks to discover if they receive evangelism training, they are enabled to do evangelism with ability and confidence. I'm wondering if you could allow me to have the open invitation to your congregation to register this 3 weeks evangelism training. Registration forms and flyers will be given to you at least 3 weeks prior to the training course being started. 157 Appendix E Poster of the training 158 Appendix F Application Slip Note: English translation is in red 「學以致用傳福音」報名回條 （Application Slip） 《卡城華人播道會合辨》(Co-sponsor: Calgary Chinese Evangelical Free Church) 姓名 （Name）：______________________ (Chinese) ____________________(English) Telephone （電話）：_______________________E-mail（ 電郵）：_________________________ Church（所屬教會）：________________________________________________ 課程簡介 (Syllabus) （一）佈道人、佈道装備和技巧 講員 ：關德賢牧師 (1) To be the Evangelist, Evangelism technique) （二）福音難題解答 (Instructor: Rev. Albert Kwan) 日期：2103 年 4 月 13、20、27 日 (2) How to answer the tough gospel questions) （三）如何講述個人得救見證 (3) How to well prepare your personal testimony) （四）福音信息短講 (Date: April 13, 20, 27, 2013) 時間：9:30am - 4pm (Time: 9:30 - 4pm) 地點：卡城華人播道會 (4) How to preach the “short gospel message” in public speaking （五） 實際外出佈道與個案檢討 Place: Calgary Chinese E F Church （1706 20 Ave. NW, Calgary） 回條請交：教會辦公室/ 電郵/置電 (5) Real time Gospel Outreaching and Case Study afterwards Return the registration: Church Office/e-mail/Call 159 Appendix G Time Table of Evangelism Training Time 9:30 -10:30am April 13 April 20 April 27 Briefing & Fill in Pre-Survey Biblical Evangelism Methodology & Techniques Gospel Theology----practical answers to gospel challenging questions. ___（簡介和填寫問巻）___ How to use various Gospel tools (1)（福音工具介紹上） （佈道的策畧和枝巧） （福音難題解答） 10:30 – 10:45am Break（小休） Break（小休） Break（小休） 10:30 – 12 noon How to use various Gospel tools (2) （福音工具介紹 How to share your personal testimony effectively?* How to preach the short gospel message?* （如何講個人得救見證） 下）& Equipping Ourselves in （人的預備） (*Co-teach with guest speaker) （如何短講福音信息） (*Co-teach with guest speaker) Fellowship Lunch （午饍） Fellowship Lunch （午饍） Fellowship Lunch （午饍） Briefing to gospel outreaching in Chinatown Streets/Mall & Group Prayer Briefing to Door-to-Door gospel visitation & Group Prayer Briefing to Referral Home Visitation & Group Prayer Evangelism 12 – 1pm 1 – 1:30pm 外出佈道之注意事項和 1:30 - 3:15pm 逐家佈道之注意事項和 祈禱會 祈 禱會 Gospel Action (1):Chinatown/Mall Gospel Action (2): Door-to-Door Visitation 福音行動（1） 福音行動（2） 唐人街/商場佈道 轉介探訪佈道之注意事項 和祈禱會 Gospel Action (3): Referral Home Visitation 福音行動（3） 160 _____轉介探訪佈道______ 逐家佈道 De-Briefing & Fill in Post-Survey. 3:15 – 4pm Case Study & Testimony Sharing〔Immediate Case Study & Testimony Sharing Case Study & Testimony Sharing discussion to some particular cases from above Gospel Action (1)〕 〔Immediate discussion to 〔Immediate discussion to some particular cases from above Gospel Action (2)〕 some particular cases from above Gospel Action (3)〕 （ 個案檢討和見證分享會） （ 個案檢討和見證分享會） （ 個案檢討和見證分享） ________________________ De-Briefing & Fill in Post-Survey. （結語和填寫問巻） 161 Appendix H Briefing Oral Script "Thank you for your participation and everything you learn through this evangelism training can be shared among yourselves. If you feel comfortable to share your comments and feelings to others, this researcher will not set any restriction to what you want to say and discuss. All the data you have provided will be analysis, and the result will be posted out in my Dissertation and you are welcomed to come to this researcher to have the access to know this result." Principal Investigator: Albert Kwan, Doctor of Ministry student, ACTS Seminaries 162 Appendix I Samples of Gospel Tracts, CDs & Pictorial Gospel Booklet These gospel tracts and CDs were given away Free as they practiced personal evangelism upon necessary. Gospel CDs. Heart gospel gift. Gospel “Love” gift 163 Gospel Tracts written by this writer, Albert Kwan. To Be God’s People Pictorial Gospel Booklet. Page 1 Page 3 Page 2 Page 4 164 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9 Page 10 165 Page 11 Page 12 Page 13 Page 14 166 Appendix J Religious Survey The following survey is the English translation version, (the original Chinese version is at the back): Religious Survey This is _______________, representing (CCEFC) , doing the Religious Survey to the Chinese people in this community. We are not asking for any donation. Would you please to give us some time to answer the following multiple choice questions? 1. Do you have any religion? (Include the Chinese tradition of Ancestors-Worship) □ Yes 2. If yes, what is your religion? □ Buddhism □ Taoism □ No （Jump to Question 4） □ Protestant □Catholic □ Other____________ 3. How long have you been in this religion? □ From my childhood □ Many years □ Recently 4. Have you visited the Chinese Buddha Temple? □ Yes □ No （Jump to Question 6） 5. How often do you go? □ Weekly □ Very often □ Rare □ Visit whenever have time 6. Do you have the Chinese Television installed at home? □ Yes □ No （Jump to Question 9） 167 7. If yes, do you watch the “Shower of Blessings” (see the Remarks ) TV program？ □ Yes □ No （Jump to Question 9） 8. How do you like this TV program? □ Very Like □ Like 9. □ Don’t Like □ No Comments If our Church would like to do the community service in our community, like Chinese School, hobby classes (painting, cooking, craftwork and etc., will you interest to join? □ Yes □ No （Jump to Question 11） 10. If yes, what is the best time that fit you most? □ Weekday’s Day-time □ Weekday’s Evening □ Saturday morning □ Saturday Afternoon 11. One more question: Have you heard about Heaven & Hell”? Do you have any assurance that you can go to heaven?_______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 被訪者地扯 （Visiting Home Address）：__________________________________________________ 塡表人名字（Your Name）：__________________________ 日期 （Date）：_________________________ Remarks and explanation to participants why they used the above Survey to do the Home Visitation: 1. This was the good tool to help the participants to break the ice when they rang the Chinese stranger’s home bell. 2. Questions from #1 to #5 were to acquire the visiting client’s religious background. Were they the traditional or cultural Chinese Buddhism? That would determine how we moved on the conversation to spiritual sharing after all the survey questions were asked. 168 3. Why the religious questions were changed to common questions starting in question #6? The answer was they had already obtained the basic religious information and they wanted to save time to move on to the purpose of this visit or the core conversation – was to share the spiritual thing. 4. In question #7, the reason why we particular picked up “Shower of Blessings” this TV weekly program to ask? This is the very popular 30 minutes Chinese TV gospel program. Her web-site in English is http://sobem.org/Home.cshtml If the home residents watched this TV program, that means he/she had some idea about gospel. (All the “Shower of Blessings” gospel programs can also be watched in YouTube. web address is https://www.youtube.com/user/SOBEM 5. For the question #9, the purpose was to help the church to collect the data to know the interest of her neighbor so as appropriate future programs can be designed to meet their needs, provided that if there are any future outreaching gospel programs designed for them. On the other hand, the Church neighbors would know the Church has sincere concern to provide the future community service for them (if there is any). 6. The last question #11 was to help participants to continue to the spiritual things sharing/conversation if they found those people were interested in this topic. 7. If the conversation was not that smooth and the home residents were rather impatience and reluctant to talk, they could politely stop the conversation and left. 169 宗教調查問巻 本人___________________謹代表基督教_ (播道會)___________希望在這社區，專向華人作一些宗 教調查，我們不是慕捐（請放心），有勞閣下接受我們簡短的訪問： 1. 請問閣下有沒有宗教信仰？（包括傳統拜祖先） □ 有 □ 沒 有 （跳至題 4） 2. 若有，請問閣下屬於那一種宗教？ □ 佛教 □ 道教 □ 其他 3. 請問你信奉這教有多久？ □ 從小 □ 多年 □ 基督教 □天主教 □ 最近才拜 4. 請問閣下有沒有到過廟宇參拜 □ 有 □ 沒 有 （跳至題 6） 5. 請問閣下相隔多久才去參拜 一次 □ 每週 □ 經常 □ 甚少 □ 有時間才去 6. 請問閣下家中有沒有安裝中文電視？ □ 有 7. 若有，你有沒有收看「恩雨之聲」這節目？ □ 有 □ 沒 有 （跳至題 4） 8. 你喜歡 這節目嗎 □ 十分喜歡 9. □ 沒 有 （跳至題 9） □ 喜歡 □ 不喜歡 □ 無意見 若我們想舉辦一些社區服務：如中文學校、興趣班（繪畫、烹任、手工…等）請問閣下會 有興趣參加嗎？ □ 有 □ 沒 有 （跳至題 11） 170 10. 若有，你什麼時間是最方便？ □ 平日上／下 午 □ 平日晚上 □ 周六上 □ 周六下午 11. 請問閣下：有沒有聽過「天堂」和「地獄」，你有沒有把握自己將來上天堂？ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 被訪者地扯 （Address）：_______________________________________________________ 塡表人名字（Your Name）：__________________________ 日期 （Date）：_________________________ 171 Appendix K Home Visitation Follow-Up Form 學以致用傳福音 (Evangelism Training) 《逐家佈道跟進表》(Home Visitation Follow-Up Form) 1. 户主姓名（Household Name）：________________________________ 2. 地扯 （Address）：_______________________________________________________ 3. 估計年齢（Estimated Age）□ below 15 □55–65 □ 16–25 □ 25–40 □ 40–55 □ 65 or above 4. 探訪時所採用之工具 （Tools used）：__________________________________________ 5. 探訪時的大概談話內容 （Highlight of the Content of the Conversation）： （一）____________________________________________________________________________ （二）____________________________________________________________________________ （三）____________________________________________________________________________ （四）____________________________________________________________________________ 6. 被訪者對福音的反應（The reaction of the Household towards gospel）： □ Very Good（良好） □ Not Good（不好） 7. 能否跟進 ？（Follow-Up？） □ Good（好） □ Resist （抗拒） □ Yes（能 ） □ No（不能） 8. 建議下次跟進探訪之日期和時間 （Possible next Follow Up Visit Date & time）: ______________________________________________________________________________ 172 9. 備註 （Remarks）: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 10. 填表人 （Filled By）：__________________________________ 電話(Phone or e-mail):______________________________________ 所屬教會(Home Church)： __________________________________ 日期 (Date)： _________________ 173 Appendix L Debriefing Oral Script "Thank you for your participation and everything you learn through this evangelism training can be shared among yourselves. If you feel comfortable to share your comments and feelings to others, this researcher will not set any restriction to what you want to say and discuss. All the data you have provided will be analysis, and the result will be posted out in my Dissertation and you are welcomed to come to this researcher to have the access to know this result." Principal Investigator: Albert Kwan, Doctor of Ministry student, ACTS Seminaries 174 Appendix M Translator Confidentially Agreement 175 Appendix N Variation in Percentage of Asked Questions. When a question (#1): “I want to evangelize because I need to fulfill God’s commission.” Here was the result: Question (#1) % Before This Training % After This Training Variation in % Strongly Disagree 6% 0% -6% Disagree 2% 0% -2% Slightly Agree 3% 0% -3% Agree 50% 47% -3% Strongly Agree 39% 53% +14% Table I When a question (#2): ““I know I need to do evangelism but I excuse myself that it is the giftedin-evangelism Christians’ job to do it.” Here was the result: Question #2 % Before This Training % After This Training Variation in % Strongly Disagree 27% 26% -1% Disagree 51% 67% +16% Slightly Agree 5% 2% -3% Agree 14% 5% -9% Strongly Agree 3% 0% -3% Table II 176 When a question (#3): “I want to evangelize because I have a passion to tell the gospel to other people.” Here was the result: Question (#3) % Before This Training % After This Training Variation in % Strongly Disagree 0% 0% 0% Disagree 5% 7% +2% Slightly Agree 9% 9% 0% Agree 56% 45% -11% Strongly Agree 30% 39% +9% Table III 177 Bibliography Abell. 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